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Fatigue is a major issue that affects the durability of railway components, and therefore, knowledge of the fatigue resistance characteristics of critical components, such as the leaf springs, must be extensively investigated. This research covers the fatigue resistance of chromium\u2013vanadium alloy steel, usually designated as 51CrV4, from the high-cycle regime (HCF) (103\u2013104) up to very high-cycle fatigue (VHCF) (109) under the bending loading conditions typical of leaf springs and under uniaxial tension\/compression loading, respectively, for a stress ratio, R\u03c3, of \u22121. Different test frequencies were considered (23, 150, and 20,000 Hz) despite the material not exhibiting a relatively significant frequency effect. In order to create a new fatigue prediction model, two prediction models, the Basquin SN linear regression model and the Castillo\u2013Fernandez\u2013Cantelli (CFC) model, were evaluated. According to the analysis carried out, the CFC model provided a better prediction of the fatigue failures than the SN model, especially when outlier failure data were considered. The investigation also examined the failure modes, observing multiple cracks for higher loads and single cracks that initiated on the surface or from internal inclusions at lower loading. The present investigation aims to provide a fatigue resistance prediction model encompassing the HCF and VHCF regions for the fatigue design of railway wagon leaf springs, or even for other components made of 51CrV4 with a tempered martensitic microstructure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met15020152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T05:36:32Z","timestamp":1738560992000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probabilistic Modelling of Fatigue Behaviour of 51CrV4 Steel for Railway Parabolic Leaf Springs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3982-6913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor M. G.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FEUP, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7352-8637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe K.","family":"Fiorentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEUP, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1983-2451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEUP, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICS, Institute for Sustainable Construction, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4662-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe G. A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Gaya (ISPGaya), Av. dos Descobrimentos 333, 4400-103 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"proMetheus, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4148-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A. F. O.","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEUP, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICS, Institute for Sustainable Construction, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1059-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ab\u00edlio M. P.","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEUP, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2012.09.029","article-title":"Safe life and damage tolerance aspects of railway axles\u2014A review","volume":"98","author":"Zerbst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2009.04.016","article-title":"Probabilistic fatigue S\u2013N curves including the super-long life regime of a railway axle steel","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. 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