{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:49Z","timestamp":1760060029399,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program","award":["COMPETE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE2020"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds (FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["COMPETE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The exponential increase in electronic waste (e-waste) from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment presents a growing environmental challenge. E-waste contains high concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), which are classified as critical raw materials (CRMs). Their removal and recovery from contaminated systems not only mitigate pollution but also support resource sustainability within a circular economy framework. The present study proposed the use of hazelnut shells as a biosorbent to reduce water contamination and recover REEs. The sorption capabilities of this lignocellulosic material were assessed and optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a Box\u2013Behnken Design (three factors, three levels). Factors such as pH (4 to 8), salinity (0 to 30), and biosorbent dose (0.25 to 0.75 g\/L) were evaluated in a complex mixture containing 9 REEs (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb and Dy; equimolar concentration of 1 \u00b5mol\/L). Salinity was found to be the factor with greater significance for REEs sorption efficiency, followed by water pH and biosorbent dose. At a pH of 7, salinity of 0, biosorbent dose of 0.75 g\/L, and a contact time of 48 h, optimal conditions were observed, achieving removals of 100% for Gd and Eu and between 81 and 99% for other REEs. Optimized conditions were also predicted to maximize the REEs concentration in the biosorbent, which allowed us to obtain values (total REEs content of 2.69 mg\/g) higher than those in some ores. These results underscore the high potential of this agricultural waste with no relevant commercial value to improve water quality while providing an alternative source of elements of interest for reuse (circular economy).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met15080842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T14:50:03Z","timestamp":1753714203000},"page":"842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Recycling-Oriented Approach to Rare Earth Element Recovery Using Low-Cost Agricultural Waste"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8150-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela S.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5885-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Thainara","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Jacinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0762-687X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago S. C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco, M., Monteser\u00edn, C., Angulo, A., P\u00e9rez-M\u00e1rquez, A., Maudes, J., Murillo, N., Aranzabe, E., Ruiz-Rubio, L., and Vilas, J.L. (2019). TiO2-Doped Electrospun Nanofibrous Membrane for Photocatalytic Water Treatment. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11050747"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2020.09.008","article-title":"Resource management and sustainable development: A review of the European water policies in accordance with the United Nations\u2019 Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"114","author":"Tsani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"UNESCO (2024). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2024\u2014Water for Prosperity and Development, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"UNESCO (2023). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023: Partnerships and Cooperation for Water, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, J., Kumar, S., Korstad, J., and Bauddh, K. (2019). Ecorestoration of Polluted Aquatic Ecosystems Through Rhizofiltration. Phytomanagement of Polluted Sites, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813912-7.00005-3"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53934","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20384-x","article-title":"Water toxicants: A comprehension on their health concerns, detection, and remediation","volume":"29","author":"Sarkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bald\u00e9, A.C.P., Kuehr, R., Yamamoto, T., Mcdonald, R., Angelo, E.D., Althaf, S., Bel, G., Deubzer, O., Fernandez-cubillo, E., and Forti, V. (2024). Global E-Waste Monitor 2024, Geneva\/Bonn. Available online: https:\/\/ewastemonitor.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/GEM_2024_EN_11_NOV-web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2019.101467","article-title":"Sustainability and the circular economy: A theoretical approach focused on e-waste urban mining","volume":"74","author":"Xavier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"The E-Waste Coalition (2019). A New Circular Vision for Electronics Time for a Global Reboot, The E-Waste Coalition. Available online: www.weforum.org."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.04.011","article-title":"Metals in e-waste: Occurrence, fate, impacts and remediation technologies","volume":"162","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"European Commission (2023). Study on the Critical Raw Materials for the EU, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"European Commission (2010). Critical Raw Materials for the EU, Report of the Ad-Hoc Working Group on Defining Critical Raw Materials, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wall, F. (2021). Rare Earth Elements. Encyclopedia of Geology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102908-4.00101-6"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wmb.2025.02.004","article-title":"Sustainable recovery of rare Earth elements from industrial waste: A path to circular economy and environmental health","volume":"3","author":"Dagwar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s41403-021-00231-0","article-title":"Review on E-waste Recycling: Part II\u2014Technologies for Recovery of Rare Earth Metals","volume":"6","author":"Mudali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Indian Natl. Acad. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145623","article-title":"E-waste management and its effects on the environment and human health","volume":"773","author":"Rautela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2023.106047","article-title":"The recent progress of ion exchange for the separation of rare earths from secondary resources\u2014A review","volume":"218","author":"Virolainen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s43615-022-00204-7","article-title":"Opportunities in Critical Rare Earth Metal Recycling Value Chains for Economic Growth with Sustainable Technological Innovations","volume":"3","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Econ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2012.12.037","article-title":"Recycling of rare earths: A critical review","volume":"51","author":"Binnemans","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2025.127760","article-title":"Selective separation of neodymium(III) using dual function DEHPA-menthol deep eutectic solvent","volume":"432","author":"Anupan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2019.04.030","article-title":"Enhancing rare-earth recovery from lamp phosphor waste","volume":"187","author":"Yurramendi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2019.02.028","article-title":"Selective precipitation of rare earth from non-purified and purified sulfate liquors using sodium sulfate and disodium hydrogen phosphate","volume":"134","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11121","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.9b02623","article-title":"Recovery of Critical Rare-Earth Elements Using ETS-10 Titanosilicate","volume":"58","author":"Thakkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giese, E.C. (2020). Biosorption as green technology for the recovery and separation of rare earth elements. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 36.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-020-02821-6"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2019.100503","article-title":"Biosorption, an efficient method for removing heavy metals from industrial effluents: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Beni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-04098-7","article-title":"Biosorption of dysprosium (III) using raw and surface-modified bark powder of Mangifera indica: Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies","volume":"26","author":"Devi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2017.589","article-title":"Biosorption of praseodymium (III) using Terminalia arjuna bark powder in batch systems: Isotherm and kinetic studies","volume":"77","author":"Swain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Rao, Y., Tian, C., Huang, T., Lu, J., Zhang, M., and Han, M. (2021). Adsorption Performance of La(III) and Y(III) on Orange Peel: Impact of Experimental Variables, Isotherms, and Kinetics. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7189639"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126596","article-title":"Advances in biosorbents for removal of environmental pollutants: A review on pretreatment, removal mechanism and future outlook","volume":"420","author":"Yaashikaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Shahbandeh, M. (2025, May 23). Nuts: Global Production 2023\/24, Statista. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1030933\/tree-nut-global-production\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khir, R., and Pan, Z. (2019). Walnuts. Integrated Processing Technologies for Food and Agricultural By-Products, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814138-0.00016-2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, M., Pinto, J., Henriques, B., Figueira, P., Fabre, E., Tavares, D., Vale, C., and Pereira, E. (2021). Nutshells as Efficient Biosorbents to Remove Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury from Contaminated Solutions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041580"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.01.021","article-title":"Application of response surface methodology and artificial neural network methods in modelling and optimization of biosorption process","volume":"160","author":"Chojnacka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.07.075","article-title":"Response surface modeling and optimization of chromium(VI) removal from aqueous solution using Tamarind wood activated carbon in batch process","volume":"172","author":"Sahu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.07.011","article-title":"Box-Behnken design: An alternative for the optimization of analytical methods","volume":"597","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00dcnl\u00fc, H., and Horing, N.J.M. (2022). Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes from Wastewaters by Raw and Activated Carbon Hazelnut Shells. Topics in Applied Physics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-93460-6"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"20039","article-title":"Heavy Metal Removal from Edible Leafy Vegetable by Low Cost Novel Adsorbents: Hazelnut Shell","volume":"4","author":"Fatahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cit. J. Sci. Discov."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-022-05543-7","article-title":"Potentialities of Agro-Based Wastes to Remove Cd, Hg, Pb, and As from Contaminated Waters","volume":"233","author":"Figueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rey, C., Combes, C., Drouet, C., Grossin, D., Bertrand, G., and Souli\u00e9, J. (2017). 1.11 Bioactive Calcium Phosphate Compounds: Physical Chemistry. Comprehensive Biomaterials II, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803581-8.10171-7"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.09.047","article-title":"Removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions by hazelnut shell","volume":"153","author":"Alkan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.102354","article-title":"Novel insights into the nanoadsorption mechanisms of crystal violet using nano-hazelnut shell from aqueous solution","volume":"44","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2017.20738","article-title":"Valorization of fruit wastes (pistachio shells) as adsorbent for the removal of Zn from aqueous solutions under adverse acidic conditions","volume":"74","author":"Aggelopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113697","article-title":"Response surface approach to optimize the removal of the critical raw material dysprosium from water through living seaweeds","volume":"300","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.12.102","article-title":"Biosorption: Current perspectives on concept, definition and application","volume":"160","author":"Fomina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2015.04.072","article-title":"Optimization of parameters for praseodymium(III) biosorption onto biowaste materials using response surface methodology: Equilibrium, kinetic and regeneration studies","volume":"81","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2018.10.005","article-title":"La(III) and Ce(III) biosorption on sulfur functionalized marine brown algae Cystoseira indica by xanthation method: Response surface methodology, isotherm and kinetic study","volume":"8","author":"Keshtkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Groundw. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105946","article-title":"Optimization of Nd(III) removal from water by Ulva sp. and Gracilaria sp. through Response Surface Methodology","volume":"9","author":"Fabre","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.201700351","article-title":"Response Surface Optimization of Dysprosium Extraction Using an Emulsion Liquid Membrane Integrated with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"41","author":"Raji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, C., Salih, K.A.M., Wei, Y., Mira, H., Abdel-Rahman, A.A.H., Elwakeel, K.Z., Hamza, M.F., and Guibal, E. (2021). Efficient Recovery of Rare Earth Elements (Pr(III) and Tm(III)) From Mining Residues Using a New Phosphorylated Hydrogel (Algal Biomass\/PEI). Metals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/met11020294"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiqiang, L., Hui, Z., Yong, T., and Yunlong, L. (2020). REE Geochemical Characteristic of Apatite: Implications for Ore Genesis of the Zhijin Phosphorite. Minerals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/min10111012"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114618","article-title":"Factors influencing sorption of trace elements in contaminated waters onto ground nut shells","volume":"308","author":"Figueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9312952","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9312952","article-title":"Use of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) Seed Pods and Sclerocarya birrea (Morula) Nut Shells for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater and Borehole Water","volume":"2016","author":"Maina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomc.2024.100478","article-title":"Upcycling of ligno-cellulosic nutshells waste biomass in biodegradable plastic-based biocomposites uses\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"McNeill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Part C Open Access"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2974-9","article-title":"Determination of lead(II) sorption capacity of hazelnut shell and activated carbon obtained from hazelnut shell activated with ZnCl2","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2017.05.034","article-title":"Valorization of hazelnut shell waste in hot compressed water","volume":"166","author":"Gozaydin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2025.133596","article-title":"Recovery and concentration of Eu and Dy from real leachate using wastes as adsorbents: Standard adsorption study and fixed bed operation","volume":"373","author":"Knani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallardo, K., Castillo, R., Mancilla, N., and Remonsellez, F. (2020). Biosorption of Rare-Earth Elements from Aqueous Solutions Using Walnut Shell. Front. Chem. Eng., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fceng.2020.00004"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"16","article-title":"Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by Hazel nut shell","volume":"2","author":"Jamali","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.01.126","article-title":"Lead sorption by waste biomass of hazelnut and almond shell","volume":"167","author":"Pehlivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["Metals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4701\/15\/8\/842\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:17:17Z","timestamp":1760033837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4701\/15\/8\/842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["met15080842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met15080842","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4701"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4701"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]}}}