{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T15:28:23Z","timestamp":1767713303411,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["001","307465\/2022-5","E-26\/211.760\/2015","2022.05783. PTDC-FCT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001","307465\/2022-5","E-26\/211.760\/2015","2022.05783. PTDC-FCT"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001","307465\/2022-5","E-26\/211.760\/2015","2022.05783. 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PTDC-FCT"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a combined experimental\u2013numerical methodology to calibrate the mechanical behavior of an advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) with transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effects, incorporating both initial plastic anisotropy and ductile damage. The investigated TRIP 780 grade, widely used in the automotive industry for its exceptional strength\u2013ductility balance, exhibits a complex deformation response that demands accurate constitutive modeling for reliable sheet metal forming simulations. The methodology minimizes the number of required specimen geometries without compromising accuracy. Three flat-sheet specimens were employed: standard uniaxial tension (UT) and two double-notched designs reproducing intermediate (ID) and plane strain (PS) modes. Experiments combined digital image correlation with finite element analysis. Hill\u2019s 48 quadratic yield criterion captured the initial anisotropy of the TRIP 780 sheet, while the parameters of a phenomenological ductile damage model were calibrated from the experimental data. The TRIP effect under UT was quantified by X-ray diffraction, showing a decrease in retained austenite from 9.9% (as-received) to 3.2% at 21% equivalent plastic strain. Fractography revealed damage initiation dominated by void nucleation at phase boundaries. The proposed approach yielded stress\u2013strain predictions with R2 values exceeding 0.99. This simplified approach offers a cost-effective and experimentally feasible framework for constitutive modeling of AHSS grades, enabling practical applications in advanced sheet forming simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met15090991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T12:27:41Z","timestamp":1757507261000},"page":"991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experimental\u2013Numerical Investigation of the Ductile Damage of TRIP 780 Steel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8019-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Oliveira","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Metallurgical Engineering, Universidade Federal Fluminense\u2014UFF, Volta Redonda 27255-125, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7326-3723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick de Paula","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Metallurgical Engineering, Universidade Federal Fluminense\u2014UFF, Volta Redonda 27255-125, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0338-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Vincze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Mechanical Technology and Automation\u2014TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro\u2014UA, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fabiane Roberta Freitas da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Universidade Federal Fluminense\u2014UFF, Volta Redonda 27255-125, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7750-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Albergaria de Azevedo","family":"Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnol\u00f3gica Celso Suckow da Fonseca\u2014CEFET\/RJ, Campus Angra dos Reis, Angra dos Reis 23953-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4311-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saulo Brinco","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnol\u00f3gica Celso Suckow da Fonseca\u2014CEFET\/RJ, Campus Angra dos Reis, Angra dos Reis 23953-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8885-8874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Pessanha","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Metallurgical Engineering, Universidade Federal Fluminense\u2014UFF, Volta Redonda 27255-125, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1644-9665(12)60197-6","article-title":"Advanced high strength steel for automotive industry","volume":"8","author":"Kuziak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. 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