{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:19:26Z","timestamp":1776395966339,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ATE-Alian\u00e7a para a Transi\u00e7\u00e3o Energ\u00e9tica","award":["C644914747-00000023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644914747-00000023"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation","award":["UID 00481\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID 00481\/2025"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present research investigates the optimization of the punching process in cold forming manufacturing, focusing on enhancing tool life, reducing damage, and improving product quality. Punching, a shearing process widely used in sheet metal forming, requires careful management of process parameters to prevent tool damage, especially to the punch and die. The research explores various design modifications to the punching tool, including conical, pointed, and stepped shafts, aimed at reducing punching force and minimizing wear, fatigue, and crack formation. Using numerical simulations (ABAQUS\/Explicit), the study evaluates the impact of shear angle, punch geometry, and other key parameters on the maximum punching force and stress distribution. The results show that adjusting the punch shaft shape and optimizing the shear angle can significantly decrease stress concentrations, extend tool lifespan, and improve process efficiency. This work provides valuable insights for improving punching tool designs and ensuring longer, more efficient service lives in industrial applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met15121338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1764931838000},"page":"1338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reducing Maximum Punching Force in Sheet Cold Forming: A Numerical Study of a New Punch Design (Part I)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Abdelwaheb","family":"Zeidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LGME, Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Sfax, Sfax University, Route Soukra Km 3.5 B.P., P.O. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7537-8767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mabrouka","family":"Akrout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electromechanical Systems, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Soukra Road, Km 3.5, P.O. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9959-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Elleuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LGME, Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Sfax, Sfax University, Route Soukra Km 3.5 B.P., P.O. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8342-5116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.11.016","article-title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of micromechanical damage in the punching process for High-Strength Low-Alloy steels","volume":"56","author":"Achouri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. 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