{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T21:46:52Z","timestamp":1766180812736,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,26]],"date-time":"2015-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study evaluates the effect of high-intensity ultrasound (US) in the static and dynamic mechanical behavior of AZ91D by microstructural modification. The characterization of samples revealed that US treatment promoted the refinement of dendrite cell size, reduced the thickness, and changed the \u03b2-Mg17Al12 intermetallic phase to a globular shape, promoted its uniform distribution along the grain boundaries and reduced the level of porosity. In addition to microstructure refinement, US treatment improved the alloy mechanical properties, namely the ultimate tensile strength (40.7%) and extension (150%) by comparison with values obtained for castings produced without US vibration. Moreover, it is suggested that the internal friction, enhanced by the reduction of grain size, is compensated by the homogenization of the secondary phase and reduction of porosity. It seems that by the use of US treatment, it is possible to enhance static mechanical properties without compromising the damping properties in AZ91D alloys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met5042210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,26]],"date-time":"2015-11-26T10:08:53Z","timestamp":1448532533000},"page":"2210-2221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment in the Static and Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of AZ91D Mg Alloy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1121-6793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder","family":"Puga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vitor","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7828-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5416(69)90033-0","article-title":"High damping metals for engineering applications","volume":"4","author":"James","year":"1969","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01151671","article-title":"Documentation of damping capacity of metallic, ceramic and metal-matrix composite materials","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(03)00410-5","article-title":"Effect of deformation temperature on Hall-Petch relationship registered for polycrystalline magnesium","volume":"58","author":"Ono","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Xiong, S.M., and Guo, Z. (2015). Correlation between Porosity and Fracture Mechanism in High Pressure Die Casting of AM60B Alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2015.10.002"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"95","article-title":"Factors effecting internal damping in aluminium","volume":"42","author":"Colakoglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2010.05.091","article-title":"Further evidence of grain boundary internal friction in bicrystals","volume":"527","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanter, M.S, Golovin, I.S., Neuhauser, H., and Sinning, H.-R. (2007). Internal Friction in Metallic Materials: A Handbook, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68758-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3390\/met5021073","article-title":"Mechanical Relaxation of Metallic Glasses: An Overview of Experimental Data and Theoretical Models","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filmer, A.J., Hutton, G.J., and Hutchison, T.S. (1958). Internal Friction in Aluminum at Low Temperatures. J. Appl. Phys.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1723055"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00363342","article-title":"The effect of porosity on the microstructural damping response of 6061 aluminium alloy","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(11)61406-4","article-title":"Low frequency damping capacities of commercial pure magnesium","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granato, A., and L\u00fccke, K. (1956). Theory of Mechanical Damping Due to Dislocations. J. Appl. Phys.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1722436"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2006.04.038","article-title":"Effect of silicon on damping capacities of pure magnesium and magnesium alloys","volume":"61","author":"Liao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.1080\/14786435.2011.603370","article-title":"Grain boundary relaxation in fine-grained magnesium solid solutions","volume":"91","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Mag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.10.083","article-title":"Internal friction and microplastic deformation behavior of pure magnesium processed by equal channel angular pressing","volume":"561","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.58.472","article-title":"Internal Friction of Aluminum","volume":"58","author":"Randall","year":"1940","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2004.06.012","article-title":"The annealing and aging effects of high temperature internal friction in pure aluminum","volume":"383","author":"Cao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(14)63528-7","article-title":"Grain refinement of magnesium alloys processed by severe plastic deformation","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02830349","article-title":"The role of solute in grain refinement of magnesium","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2008.01.063","article-title":"Grain refinement of AZ91 alloy by introducing ultrasonic vibration during solidification","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eskin, G.I., and Eskin, D.G. (2014). Ultrasonic Treatment of Light Alloy Melts, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b17270"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2014.09.061","article-title":"Current research progress in grain refinement of cast magnesium alloys: A review article","volume":"619","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.09.106","article-title":"Influence of indirect ultrasonic vibration on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of Al\u2013Si\u2013Cu alloy","volume":"560","author":"Puga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/met4040477","article-title":"Correlation vs. Causation: The Effects of Ultrasonic Melt Treatment on Cast Metal Grain Size","volume":"4","author":"Ferguson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.02.038","article-title":"Microstructure and damping behaviour of consolidated magnesium chips","volume":"542","author":"Anilchandra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2004.09.056","article-title":"The influence of heat treatment on damping response of AZ91D magnesium alloy","volume":"392","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2011.08.113","article-title":"Microstructural evolution in ultrasonicated AS41 magnesium alloy","volume":"66","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2014.12.015","article-title":"Study on hydrogen removal of AZ91 alloys using ultrasonic argon degassing process","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2006.09.007","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of semi-solid die-casting AZ91D magnesium alloy","volume":"61","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2004.11.006","article-title":"Microstructure and properties of AZ91D alloy with Ca additions","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s453","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(10)60517-1","article-title":"Effect of precipitation on internal friction of AZ91 magnesium alloy","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02811627","article-title":"Effect of preferred orientation on the damping capacity of magnesium alloys","volume":"2","author":"Schwaneke","year":"1971","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2014.09.089","article-title":"The effect of heat treatment and grain size on magnetomechanical damping properties of Fe\u201313Cr\u20132Al\u20131Si alloy","volume":"619","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Nowick, A.S. (1972). Anelastic Relaxation in Crystalline Solids, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00543656","article-title":"Effects of grain size and microstructures on the internal friction and Young\u2019s modulus of a high-strength steel HT-80","volume":"26","author":"Tanaka","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."}],"container-title":["Metals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4701\/5\/4\/2210\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:52:49Z","timestamp":1760215969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4701\/5\/4\/2210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,26]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["met5042210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met5042210","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4701"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4701"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,26]]}}}