{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T21:00:49Z","timestamp":1762808449604,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,14]],"date-time":"2016-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duplex stainless steels present excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. However, when heat treated at temperatures above 600      \u2218    C, the undesirable tertiary sigma phase is formed. This phase presents high hardness, around 900 HV, and it is rich in chromium, the material toughness being compromised when the amount of this phase is not less than 4%. This work aimed to develop a solution for the detection of this phase in duplex stainless steels through the computational classification of induced magnetic field signals. The proposed solution is based on an Optimum Path Forest classifier, which was revealed to be more robust and effective than Bayes, Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector Machine based classifiers. The induced magnetic field was produced by the interaction between an applied external field and the microstructure. Samples of the 2205 duplex stainless steel were thermal aged in order to obtain different amounts of sigma phases (up to 18% in content). The obtained classification results were compared against the ones obtained by Charpy impact energy test, amount of sigma phase, and analysis of the fracture surface by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The proposed solution achieved a classification accuracy superior to 95% and was revealed to be robust to signal noise, being therefore a valid testing tool to be used in this domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met6070164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,14]],"date-time":"2016-07-14T10:25:08Z","timestamp":1468491908000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Classification of Induced Magnetic Field Signals for the Microstructural Characterization of Sigma Phase in Duplex Stainless Steels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Edgard","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia da Para\u00edba, Rua Jos\u00e9 Am\u00e9rico de Almeida, 707-Nordeste I, Guarabira, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58200-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Cear\u00e1, Av. Parque Central-Distrito Industrial I, Maracana\u00fa-CE 61939-140, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1878-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Cear\u00e1, Av. Parque Central-Distrito Industrial I, Maracana\u00fa-CE 61939-140, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia da Para\u00edba, Rua Jos\u00e9 Am\u00e9rico de Almeida, 707-Nordeste I, Guarabira, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58200-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Josinaldo","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia da Para\u00edba, Rua Jos\u00e9 Am\u00e9rico de Almeida, 707-Nordeste I, Guarabira, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58200-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Fialho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia da Para\u00edba, Rua Jos\u00e9 Am\u00e9rico de Almeida, 707-Nordeste I, Guarabira, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa-PB 58200-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3886-4309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"De Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Inform\u00e1tica Aplicada, Universidade de Fortaleza, Av. Washington Soares, 1321, Edson Queiroz, Fortaleza-CE 60811-905, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7603-6526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2008.12.010","article-title":"Microstructural characteristics and corrosion behavior of a super duplex stainless steel casting","volume":"60","author":"Martins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. 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