{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:32:08Z","timestamp":1776335528085,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Selective laser melting has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Nevertheless, research has been mainly focused on the technical issues and their relationship with the final microstructure and monotonic properties. Fatigue behaviour has rarely been addressed, and the emphasis has been placed on high-cycle regimes. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to study, in a systematic manner, the cyclic plastic behaviour of AISI 18Ni300 maraging steel manufactured by selective laser melting. For this purpose, low-cycle fatigue tests, under fully-reversed strain-controlled conditions, with strain amplitudes ranging from 0.3% to 1.0%, were performed. After testing, fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy to identify the main fatigue damage mechanisms. The analysis of results showed a non-Masing material, with a slight strain-softening behaviour, and non-linear response in both the elastic and plastic regimes. In addition, this steel exhibited a very low transition life of about 35 reversals, far below the values of conventional materials with equivalent monotonic mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the combination of high strength and low ductility. The total strain energy density, irrespective of strain amplitude, revealed itself to be a quite stable parameter throughout the lifetime. Finally, the SEM analysis showed for almost all the tested samples cracks initiated from the surface and inner defects which propagated through the rest of the cross section. A ductile\/brittle fracture, with a predominance of brittle fracture, was observed in the samples, owing to the presence of defects which make it easier to spread the microcracks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met8010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T04:21:21Z","timestamp":1515385281000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Low-Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of AISI 18Ni300 Maraging Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2471-1125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Branco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Berto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2574-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelands vei 2b, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0295-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3334-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Capela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, ESTG, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, ESTG, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2005.09.005","article-title":"Rapid manufacturing of metal components by laser forming","volume":"46","author":"Santos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2007.02.088","article-title":"Parametric analysis of the selective laser melting process","volume":"253","author":"Yadroitsev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(01)00522-2","article-title":"The manufacturing of hard tools from metallic powders by selective laser melting","volume":"111","author":"Abe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2006.01.007","article-title":"Four-point bending fatigue behaviour of an iron-based laser sintered material","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2012.11.011","article-title":"On the mechanical behaviour of titanium alloy TiAl6V4 manufactured by selective laser melting: Fatigue resistance and crack growth performance","volume":"48","author":"Leuders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sehrt, J., and Witt, G. (2010, January 5\u20137). Dynamic strength and fracture toughness analysis of beam melted parts. Proceedings of the 36th International MATADOR Conference, Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84996-432-6_87"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.12395","article-title":"Influence of the build orientation on the fatigue strength of EOS maraging steel produced by additive metal machine","volume":"39","author":"Croccolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Stoffregen, H., Butterweck, K., and Abele, E. (2014, January 4\u20136). Fatigue analysis in selective laser melting: Review and investigation of thin-walled actuator housings. Proceedings of the 25th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1108\/13552541311302932","article-title":"Fatigue performance of additive manufactured metallic parts","volume":"19","author":"Spierings","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2015.01.025","article-title":"Improvement of fatigue resistance and ductility of TiAl6V4 processed by selective laser melting","volume":"220","author":"Kasperovich","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2016.08.011","article-title":"Fatigue behaviour of selective laser melting steel components","volume":"85","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2016.03.014","article-title":"Effects of building orientation and heat treatment on fatigue behavior of selective laser melted 17-4 PH stainless steel","volume":"94","author":"Yadollahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2017.07.014","article-title":"Evaluation of fatigue crack propagation behaviour in Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by selective laser melting","volume":"104","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razavi, S.M.J., Ferro, P., and Berto, F. (2017). Fatigue assessment of Ti-6Al-4V circular notched specimens produced by selective laser melting. Metals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/met7080291"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razavi, S.M.J., Ferro, P., Berto, F., and Torgersen, J. (2017). Fatigue strength of blunt V-notched specimens produced by selective laser melting of Ti-6Al-4V. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., in press.","DOI":"10.3390\/met7080291"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socie, D., and Marquis, G. (2000). Multiaxial Fatigue, Society of Automotive Engineers.","DOI":"10.4271\/R-234"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Smith, R., Hirschberg, M., and Manson, S. (1963). Fatigue Behaviour of Materials under Strain Cycling in Low and Intermediate Life Range, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. NACA TN D-1574."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Raouf, H.A., Topper, T.H., and Plumtree, A. (1977, January 19\u201324). Cyclically plasticity and masing behaviour in metals and alloys. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Fracture (ICF4), Waterloo, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrow, J. (1965). Cyclic plastic strain energy and fatigue of metals. International Friction, Damping and Cyclic Plasticity, American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM STP 378.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP43764S"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellyin, F. (1997). Fatigue Damage, Crack Growth and Life Prediction, Chapman & Hall. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1509-1"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"295","article-title":"The effect of cyclic loading on the slope of the stress-strain immediately upon load reversal","volume":"22","author":"Kujawski","year":"1987","journal-title":"Res. Mech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branco, R., Costa, J.D., Antunes, F.V., and Perdig\u00e3o, S. (2016). Monotonic and cyclic behaviour of DIN 34CrNiMo6 martensitic steel. Metals, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/met6050098"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2012.02.004","article-title":"Low-cycle fatigue behaviour of 34CrNiMo6 high strength steel","volume":"58","author":"Branco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-1123(84)90003-3","article-title":"Cyclic response and inelastic strain energy in low cycle fatigue","volume":"6","author":"Lefebvre","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branco, R., Costa, J.D., Berto, F., and Antunes, F.V. (2017). Fatigue life assessment of notched round bars under multiaxial loading based on the total strain energy density approach. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2017.06.003"}],"container-title":["Metals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4701\/8\/1\/32\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:50:15Z","timestamp":1760194215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4701\/8\/1\/32"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["met8010032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met8010032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4701","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]}}}