{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:25:52Z","timestamp":1762298752810,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the paper is to study and determine the effect of voltage increasing from 500 up to 650 VDC on chemical and electrochemical properties of the obtained porous coatings with plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) processes, known also as micro arc oxidation (MAO). In the present paper, the chemical and electrochemical characterization of porous phosphate coatings enriched with magnesium or zinc on commercially pure (CP) Titanium Grade 2 under DC-PEO obtained in electrolytes based on concentrated 85% analytically pure H3PO4 (98 g\/mole) acid with additions of 500 g\u00b7L\u22121 of zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2\u22196H2O or magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2\u22196H2O, are described. These materials were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). It was found that the voltage of PEO process has influence on the chemical composition and thickness of the obtained porous coatings as well as on their electrochemical behavior. The higher the potential of PEO treatment, the higher the amount of zinc-to-phosphorus ratio for zinc enriched coatings was obtained, whereas in magnesium enriched coatings, the average amount of magnesium detected in PEO coating is approximately independent of the PEO voltages. Based on XPS studies, it was found out that most likely the top 10 nm of porous coatings is constructed of titanium (Ti4+), magnesium (Mg2+), zinc (Zn2+), and phosphates PO43\u2212 and\/or HPO42\u2212 and\/or H2PO4\u2212 and\/or P2O74\u2212. On the basis of GDOES studies, a four-sub-layer model of PEO coatings is proposed. Analysis of the potentiodynamic corrosion curves allowed to conclude that the best electrochemical repeatability was noted for magnesium and zinc enriched coatings obtained at 575 VDC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met8020112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T14:31:17Z","timestamp":1517927477000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Characterization of Porous Phosphate Coatings Enriched with Magnesium or Zinc on CP Titanium Grade 2 under DC Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1040-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Rokosz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Rac\u0142awicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Hryniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Rac\u0142awicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Gaiaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HORIBA Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 par Actions Simplifi\u00e9e (S.A.S.), Avenue de la Vauve-Passage Jobin Yvon, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Chapon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HORIBA Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 par Actions Simplifi\u00e9e (S.A.S.), Avenue de la Vauve-Passage Jobin Yvon, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}]},{"given":"Steinar","family":"Raaen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget E3-124 H\u00f8gskoleringen 5, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"given":"Kornel","family":"Pietrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Rac\u0142awicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"Malorny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Hochschule Wismar-University of Applied Sciences Technology, Business and Design, DE 23966 Wismar, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Salvador Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Quimica Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, P 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2096544","article-title":"On the solution of equation of diffusion in electropolishing","volume":"136","author":"Hryniewicz","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(09)90006-8","article-title":"Concept of microsmoothing in the electropolishing process","volume":"64","author":"Hryniewicz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1179\/0020296712Z.00000000031","article-title":"Enhanced oxidation-dissolution theory of electropolishing","volume":"90","author":"Rokicki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. Inst. Met. Finish."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Aliasghari, S. (2014). 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