{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:27:55Z","timestamp":1771918075541,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,30]],"date-time":"2019-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Residual stresses (RS) of great magnitude are usually present in parts produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB), mainly owing to the extreme temperature gradients and high cooling rates involved in the process. Those \u201chidden\u201d stresses can be detrimental to a part\u2019s mechanical properties and fatigue life; therefore, it is crucial to know their magnitude and orientation. The hole-drilling strain-gage method was used to determine the RS magnitude and direction-depth profiles. Cuboid specimens in the as-built state, and after standard solution annealing and ageing heat treatment conditions, were prepared to study the RS evolution throughout the heat treatment stages. Measurements were performed on the top and lateral surfaces. In the as-built specimens, tensile stresses of ~400 MPa on the top and above 600 MPa on the lateral surface were obtained. On the lateral surface, RS anisotropy was noticed, with the horizontally aligned stresses being three times lower than the vertically aligned. RS decreased markedly after the first heat treatment. On heat-treated specimens, magnitude oscillations were observed. By microstructure analysis, the presence of carbides was verified, which is a probable root for the oscillations. Furthermore, compressive stresses immediate to the surface were obtained in heat-treated specimens, which is not in agreement with the typical characteristics of parts fabricated by PBF-LB, i.e., tensile stresses at the surface and compressive stresses in the part\u2019s core.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/met9121290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T10:50:45Z","timestamp":1575283845000},"page":"1290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Inconel 718: Residual Stress Analysis Before and After Heat Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2864-074X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2014School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249\u2014015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8570-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J. G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2014School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249\u2014015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ronny M.","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2014School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249\u2014015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7135-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdollah","family":"Saboori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino (TO), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4637-5532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino (TO), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1840-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Biamino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino (TO), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7775-3014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Salmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Production Engineering (DIGEP), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino (TO), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1003-5480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Atzeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Production Engineering (DIGEP), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino (TO), Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, I., Rosen, D.W., and Stucker, B. 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