{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T22:35:31Z","timestamp":1773441331864,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/SAU-SER\/30388\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-SER\/30388\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Timely diagnosis is crucial to improve the long-term survival of bladder cancer (BC) patients. The discovery of new BC biomarkers based in urine analysis is very attractive because this biofluid is in direct contact with the inner bladder layer, in which most of the neoplasms develop, and is non-invasively collected. Hence, this work aimed to unveil alterations in the urinary volatile profile of patients diagnosed with BC compared with cancer-free individuals, as well as differences among patients diagnosed at different tumor stages, to identify candidate biomarkers for non-invasive BC diagnosis and staging. Urine analysis was performed by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The results unveiled that BC patients have a distinct urinary volatile profile characterized by higher levels of several alkanes and aromatic compounds, and lower levels of aldehydes, ketones and monoterpenes. Seventeen significantly altered volatiles were used to evaluate the performance for overall BC detection, disclosing 70% sensitivity, 89% specificity and 80% accuracy. Moreover, distinct urinary volatile profiles were found among patients diagnosed at different tumor stages (Ta\/Tis, T1 and \u2265T2). This work identified distinct urinary volatile signatures of BC patients with potential for non-invasive detection and staging of bladder cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11040199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T13:17:53Z","timestamp":1616764673000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Discovery of Volatile Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer Detection and Staging through Urine Metabolomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Carapito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1439-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Carvalho-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Biology &amp; Epigenetics Group\u2013Research Centre, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Biology &amp; Epigenetics Group\u2013Research Centre, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4186-5345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Jer\u00f3nimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Biology &amp; Epigenetics Group\u2013Research Centre, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar\u2013University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3171-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Henrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Biology &amp; Epigenetics Group\u2013Research Centre, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar\u2013University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria de Lourdes","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7395-5700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Guedes de Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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