{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T05:43:23Z","timestamp":1775281403180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease that affects individuals of all ages. It has a high prevalence and is associated with high morbidity and considerable levels of mortality. However, asthma is not a single disease, and multiple subtypes or phenotypes (clinical, inflammatory or combinations thereof) can be detected, namely in aggregated clusters. Most studies have characterised asthma phenotypes and clusters of phenotypes using mainly clinical and inflammatory parameters. These studies are important because they may have clinical and prognostic implications and may also help to tailor personalised treatment approaches. In addition, various metabolomics studies have helped to further define the metabolic features of asthma, using electronic noses or targeted and untargeted approaches. Besides discriminating between asthma and a healthy state, metabolomics can detect the metabolic signatures associated with some asthma subtypes, namely eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic phenotypes or the obese asthma phenotype, and this may prove very useful in point-of-care application. Furthermore, metabolomics also discriminates between asthma and other \u201cphenotypes\u201d of chronic obstructive airway diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or Asthma\u2013COPD Overlap (ACO). However, there are still various aspects that need to be more thoroughly investigated in the context of asthma phenotypes in adequately designed, homogeneous, multicentre studies, using adequate tools and integrating metabolomics into a multiple-level approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11080534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T21:48:12Z","timestamp":1628718492000},"page":"534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Metabolic Phenotypes in Asthmatic Adults: Relationship with Inflammatory and Clinical Phenotypes and Prognostic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Adalberto","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Agostinho Neto University, Luanda, Angola"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Pit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, CUF Descobertas Hospital and CUF Tejo Hospital, 1350-352 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0438-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Chaves-Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Unit, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0396-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia M.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Santiago, 3810-168 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6649-8890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Taborda-Barata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Immunoallergology, Cova da Beira University Hospital Centre, 6200-251 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma (2021, March 02). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Updated 2021. Available online: Ginasthma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Global Asthma Network (2021, March 06). The Global Asthma Report 2018. New Zealand 2018. 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