{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:24:42Z","timestamp":1760711082204,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT-FEDER-02\/SAICT\/2017\/028147","UIDB\/04539\/2020","UIDP\/04539\/2020","LA\/P\/0058\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440","REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006","RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012","CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","722619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-FEDER-02\/SAICT\/2017\/028147","UIDB\/04539\/2020","UIDP\/04539\/2020","LA\/P\/0058\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440","REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006","RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012","CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","722619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014European Regional Development Fund through the COMPETE Programme, Centro 2020 Regional Operational Programme, and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["FCT-FEDER-02\/SAICT\/2017\/028147","UIDB\/04539\/2020","UIDP\/04539\/2020","LA\/P\/0058\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440","REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006","RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012","CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","722619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-FEDER-02\/SAICT\/2017\/028147","UIDB\/04539\/2020","UIDP\/04539\/2020","LA\/P\/0058\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440","REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006","RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012","CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","722619"]}]},{"name":"National Mass Spectrometry Network (RNEM)","award":["FCT-FEDER-02\/SAICT\/2017\/028147","UIDB\/04539\/2020","UIDP\/04539\/2020","LA\/P\/0058\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440","REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006","RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012","CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","722619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-FEDER-02\/SAICT\/2017\/028147","UIDB\/04539\/2020","UIDP\/04539\/2020","LA\/P\/0058\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440","REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006","RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012","CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","722619"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme","award":["FCT-FEDER-02\/SAICT\/2017\/028147","UIDB\/04539\/2020","UIDP\/04539\/2020","LA\/P\/0058\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440","REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006","RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012","CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","722619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-FEDER-02\/SAICT\/2017\/028147","UIDB\/04539\/2020","UIDP\/04539\/2020","LA\/P\/0058\/2020","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440","REEQ\/481\/QUI\/2006","RECI\/QEQ-QFI\/0168\/2012","CENTRO-07-CT62-FEDER-002012","ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013","722619"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary glucose and fructose are both efficiently assimilated by the liver but a comprehensive measurement of this process starting from their conversion to sugar phosphates, involvement of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and conversion to glycogen and lipid storage products, remains incomplete. Mice were fed a chow diet supplemented with 35 g\/100 mL drinking water of a 55\/45 fructose\/glucose mixture for 18 weeks. On the final night, the sugar mixture was enriched with either [U-13C]glucose or [U-13C]fructose, and deuterated water (2H2O) was also administered. 13C-isotopomers representing newly synthesized hepatic glucose-6-phosphate (glucose-6-P), glycerol-3-phosphate, and lipogenic acetyl-CoA were quantified by 2H and 13C NMR analysis of post-mortem liver glycogen and triglyceride. These data were applied to a metabolic model covering glucose-6-P, PPP, triose-P, and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) fluxes. The glucose supplement was converted to glucose-6-P via the direct pathway, while the fructose supplement was metabolized by the liver to gluconeogenic triose-P via fructokinase\u2013aldolase\u2013triokinase. Glucose-6-P from all carbohydrate sources accounted for 40\u201360% of lipogenic acetyl-CoA and 10\u201312% was oxidized by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The yield of NADPH from PPP flux accounted for a minority (~30%) of the total DNL requirement. In conclusion, this approach integrates measurements of glucose-6-P, PPP, and DNL fluxes to provide a holistic and informative assessment of hepatic glucose and fructose metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12111142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1668999141000},"page":"1142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Integration of Liver Glycogen and Triglyceride NMR Isotopomer Analyses Provides a Comprehensive Coverage of Hepatic Glucose and Fructose Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2589-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2423-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giada","family":"Di Nunzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7338-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getachew D.","family":"Belew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"},{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}]},{"given":"Alejandra N.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1150-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Perp\u00e9tuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"},{"name":"iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Barosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2324-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludgero C.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIVG\u2014Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama\u2014EUVG, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-3885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John G.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.05.024","article-title":"Gut-brain nutrient signaling. 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