{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T16:42:25Z","timestamp":1771605745710,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genus Lycium belongs to the Solanaceae family and comprises more than 90 species distributed by diverse continents. Lycium barbarum is by far the most studied and has been advertised as a \u201csuperfood\u201d with healthy properties. In contrast, there are some Lycium species which have been poorly studied, although used by native populations. L. europaeum, L. intricatum and L.\u00a0schweinfurthii, found particularly in the Mediterranean region, are examples of scarcely investigated species. The chemical composition and the biological properties of these species were reviewed. The biological properties of L. barbarum fruits are mainly attributed to polysaccharides, particularly complex glycoproteins with different compositions. Studies regarding these metabolites are practically absent in L. europaeum, L. intricatum and L.\u00a0schweinfurthii. The metabolites isolated and identified belong mainly to polyphenols, fatty acids, polysaccharides, carotenoids, sterols, terpenoids, tocopherols, and alkaloids (L. europaeum); phenolic acids, lignans, flavonoids, polyketides, glycosides, terpenoids, tyramine derivatives among other few compounds (L.\u00a0schweinfurthii), and esters of phenolic acids, glycosides, fatty acids, terpenoids\/phytosterols, among other few compounds (L. intricatum). The biological properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic against some cancer cell lines) found for these species were attributed to some metabolites belonging to those compound groups. Results of the study concluded that investigations concerning L. europaeum, L. intricatum and L.\u00a0schweinfurthii are scarce, in contrast to L. barbarum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12121265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T03:43:49Z","timestamp":1671075829000},"page":"1265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Chemical and Biological Properties of Three Poorly Studied Species of Lycium Genus\u2014Short Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2507-4228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria da Gra\u00e7a","family":"Miguel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Farm\u00e1cia, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1021\/jf4044056","article-title":"Berries: Anti-inflammatory effects in humans","volume":"62","author":"Joseph","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.10.010","article-title":"The genus Lycium as food and medicine: A botanical, ethnobotanical and historical review","volume":"212","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-018-9861-x","article-title":"Investigation of Chinese wolberry (Lycium spp.) germplasm by restriction site- associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq)","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.2001.0921","article-title":"Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Lycium (Solanaceae): Inferences from chloroplast DNA sequences","volume":"19","author":"Fukuda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.07.105","article-title":"Polyphenols from wolfberry and their bioactivities","volume":"214","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61921","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.61921","article-title":"Determination of 31 pesticide residues in wolfberry by LC-MS\/MS and dietary risk assessment of wolfberry consumption","volume":"42","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1515\/pjfns-2015-0040","article-title":"Gojy berry (Lycium barbarum): Composition and health effects\u2014A review","volume":"66","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Luo, Z., Li, W., Yang, M., Wang, L., Lin, X., and Li, L. (2022). Elevated CO2 enhanced the antioxidant activity and downregulated cell wall metabolism of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.). Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010016"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.12.011","article-title":"Geographical origin of Chinese wolfberry (goji) determined by carbon isotope analysis of specific volatile compounds","volume":"1105","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.122","article-title":"Classification of wolfberry with different geographical origins by using voltametric electronic tongue","volume":"51","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC Papers OnLine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.12.592","article-title":"Classification of wolfberry from different geographical origins by using electronic tongue and deep learning algorithm","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC Papers OnLine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13301","article-title":"Authentication of Zhongning wolfberry with geographical indication by mineral profile","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107027","article-title":"Identification of the proximate geographical origin of wolfberries by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy combined with deep learning","volume":"198","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Rapid identification of wolfberry fruit of different geographic regions with sample surface near infrared spectra combined with multi-class SVM","volume":"33","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spect. Anal."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"720","article-title":"The identification of the origin of Chinese wolfberry based on infrared spectral technology and the artificial neural network","volume":"36","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spect. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c06207","article-title":"Discrimination of geographical origins of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) fruits using stable isotopes, earth elements, free amino acids, and saccharides","volume":"70","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.01.067","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of Gogi berry extracts for discrimination of geographical origin by non-targeted liquid chromatography couples to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"63","author":"Savolainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhao, Z., Wei, S., Du, G., Ji, Q., Zhang, L., and Wei, H. (2016, January 28\u201330). Study on the design and control system for wolfberry harvesting robot. Proceedings of the 28th Chinese Control and Decision Conference, Yinchuan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2016.7532069"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.148","article-title":"Research on mechanized harvesting methods of Lycium barbarum fruit","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhao, J., Hu, G., and Chen, J. (2021). Design and testing of a pneumatic oscillating Chinese wolfberry harvester. Horticulturae, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae7080214"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12734","article-title":"Combination of heat treatment and chitosan coating to improve postharvest quality of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum)","volume":"50","author":"Ban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13764","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.13764","article-title":"Effects of salicylic acid combined with gas atmospheric control on postharvest quality and storage stability of wolfberries: Quality attributes and interaction evaluation","volume":"44","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202000522","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of volatile organic compounds produced by Bacillus subtilis CL2 on pathogenic fungi of wolfberry","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3233\/JAE-170010","article-title":"The drying quality and energy consumption of Chinese wolfberry fruits under electrohydrodynamic system","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Electromagn. Mech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2546-1","article-title":"Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying of the Chinese wolfberry fruits","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3233\/JAE-190066","article-title":"Effect of electrohydrodynamic partially combined with oven drying on Chinese wolfberry","volume":"63","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Electromagn. Mech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, J., Ding, C., Zhang, Y., Song, Z., Hu, X., and Hao, T. (2019). Electrohydrodynamic drying of Chinese wolfberry in a multiple needle-to-plate electrode system. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8050152"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2017.1414055","article-title":"Pulsed vacum drying (PVD) of wolfberry: Drying kinetics and quality attributes","volume":"36","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drying Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110159","article-title":"Dehydration of wolfberry fruit using pulsed vacuum drying combined with carboxymethyl celulose coating pretreatment","volume":"134","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT\u2013Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Zhang, S., Chu, W., He, W., Yu, C., and Yu, H. (2020). Numerical analysis and preliminar experiment of a solar assisted heat pump drying system for Chinese wolfberry. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13174306"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2017.01.012","article-title":"Far-infrared radiation heating assisted pulsed vacuum drying (FIR-PVD) of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.): Effects on drying kinetics and quality attributes","volume":"102","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.110953","article-title":"Drying of wolfberry fruit juice using low-intensity pulsed ultrasound","volume":"141","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT\u2013Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Zang, Z., Zhang, Q., Wang, T., Shang, J., Huang, X., and Wan, F. (2022). Characteristics and quality analysis of radio frequency-hot air combined segmented drying of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum). Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11111645"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2022.2046054","article-title":"Progress on research and development of goji berry drying: A review","volume":"25","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Propert."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6328","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11983","article-title":"Construction of in vitro fermentation model using gut microbiota relating to glucose and lipid metabolism: A supplementary method for initial screening of polysaccharides with hypoglycemic potentials","volume":"102","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, R.-H., Zhang, X.-X., Ni, Z.-J., Thakur, K., Wang, W., Yan, Y.-M., Cao, Y.-L., Zhang, J.-G., Rengasamy, K.R.R., and Wei, Z.-J. (2022). Lycium barbarum (goji) as functional food: A review of its nutrition, phytochemical structure, biological features, and food industry prospects. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2078788"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-019-0273-6","article-title":"Quality evaluation of Lycium barbarum (wolfberry) from different regions in China based on polysaccharide structure, yield and bioactivies","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1186218","article-title":"Goji (Lycium barbarum and L. chinense): Phytochemistry, pharmacology and safety in the perspective of traditional uses and recent popularity","volume":"76","author":"Potterat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2022.100871","article-title":"Research progress of Lycium barbarum L. as functional food: Phytochemical composition and health benefits","volume":"47","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2017.0725","article-title":"Lycium barbarum: A traditional Chinese herb and a promising anti-aging agent","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2021.104292","article-title":"Chemical constituents from Lycium barbarum (Solanaceae) and their chemophenetic significance","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1360\/TB-2021-0229","article-title":"Advance on alkaloids of Lycium genus","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidovi\u0107, B.B., Milin\u010di\u0107, D.D., Mar\u010deti\u0107, M.D., Dijuri\u0161, J.D., Ili\u0107, T.D., Kosti\u0107, A.Z., and Pe\u0161i\u0107, M.B. (2022). Health benefits and applications of goji berries in functional food products development: A review. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020248"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15502","article-title":"Elucidating the interaction of rhizosphere bacteria and environmental factors in influencing active ingredient content of Lycium barbarum fruit in China","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim, R.H., Sirasanagandla, S.R., Das, S., and Teoh, S.L. (2022). Treatment of glaucoma with natural products and their mechanism of action: An update. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030534"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.065","article-title":"Potential for non-starch polysaccharides in the prevention and remediation of cognitive impairment: A comprehensive review","volume":"208","author":"Rang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112620","article-title":"Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on cell signal transduction pathways","volume":"147","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107921","article-title":"Immune activities of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L. What do we know so far?","volume":"229","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Therap."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2022.2057529","article-title":"Potential of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide for the control of glucose and lipid metabolism disroders: A review","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinilla, I., Maneu, V., Campello, L., Fern\u00e1ndez-S\u00e1nchez, L., Mart\u00ednez-Gil, N., Kutsyr, O., S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1ez, X., S\u00e1nchez-Castillo, C., Lax, P., and Cuenca, N. (2022). Inherited retinal dystrophies: Role of oxidative stress and inflammation in their physiopathology and therapeutic implications. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061086"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Zhao, Q., Li, S., Pu, L., Yu, L., Liu, Y., and Lai, X. (2022). Effects of Lycium barbarum L.: Polysaccharides on vascular retinopathy: An insight review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175628"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111408","article-title":"Mechanism of glycometabolism regulation by bioactive compounds from the fruits of Lycium barbarum: A review","volume":"159","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.04.032","article-title":"Anticancer potential of Solanaceae plants: A review","volume":"149","author":"Rohilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119961","article-title":"Advances in polysaccharides of natural source of the anti-Alzheimer\u2019s disease effect and mechanism","volume":"296","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842101","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.842101","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine as a promising strategy for the treatment od Alzheimer\u2019s disease complicated with osteoporosis","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969827","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.969827","article-title":"The use of traditional Chinese medicines in relieving exercise-induced fatigue","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1360\/TB-2020-1419","article-title":"Mechanisms of wolfberry in the treatment of liver diseases","volume":"67","author":"Che","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Y., Li, S., Song, Z., Luo, Q., Zhang, Y., and Wang, H. (2022). The regulatory roles of polysaccharides and ferroptosis-related phytochemicals in liver diseases. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112303"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917629","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.917629","article-title":"Protective effects of polysaccharides in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Song, Y., Zhou, J., Duan, Y., Kong, T., Ma, H., and Zhang, H. (2022). Recent progress of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on intestinal microbiota, microbial metabolites and health: A review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2128037"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, C., Wang, Z., Gong, G., Huang, W., Huang, L., Song, S., and Zhu, B. (2022). Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on immunity and metabolic syndrome associated with the modulation of gut microbiota: A review. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11203177"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Han, L., Liu, J.-M., Zhang, J., Wang, W., Li, B.-G., Dong, C.-X., and Bai, C.-C. (2022). Lycium genus polysaccharides: An overview of its extraction, structures, pharmacological activities and biological applications. Separations, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations9080197"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.087","article-title":"A review on plant polysaccharide based on drug delivery system for construction and application, with emphasis on traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide","volume":"211","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2020.09.008","article-title":"Phytochemical composition and health properties of Lycium europaeum L.: A review","volume":"41","author":"Wannes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sinica"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201000018","article-title":"Phytochemical and biological studies of Lycium medicinal plants","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4167\/jbv.2021.51.4.149","article-title":"Beneficial therapy with natural anti-inflammatory agents and supplements","volume":"51","author":"Akter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2021.10.003","article-title":"Chemical composition, and digestibility of preferred forage species by lactating Somali camels in Kenya","volume":"80","author":"Ikanya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.12.037","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants for animal therapy in the Rif, North of Morocco","volume":"147","author":"Chaachouay","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"175","article-title":"Medicinal plants traded in Arusha city, Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"Mollel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Stud."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"48","article-title":"Survey of wild trees and shrubs in Eastern region of Libya and their economical value","volume":"5","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alq. J. Med. App. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"20","article-title":"Vegetation analysis of Wadi Kaam at northwest Libya","volume":"9","author":"Almushghub","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Basic Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"2","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties and phenolic contents of crude extracts and fractions from different organs of the halophyte Lycium europaeum L.","volume":"18","author":"Bendjedou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Bioact. Compd."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mejri, H., Ouerghemi, I., Wannes, W.A., Haddada, F.M., Tlili, N., Hammami, M., Dussault, C., Lancette, K.G.-L., Pichette, A., and Legault, J. (2022). Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of Lycium europaeum fruits. Int. J. Environ. Health Res.","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2022.2115469"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"135","article-title":"The genus Arthrocladiella: A new report of powdery mildew fungi from Iran","volume":"8","author":"Khodaparast","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycol. Iran."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115532","article-title":"Moroccan medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of skin diseases: From ethnobotany to clinical trials","volume":"297","author":"Ajjoun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"39","article-title":"Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants growing in the region of \u201cOulad Daoud Zkhanine\u201d (Nador Province), in Northeastern Morocco","volume":"19","author":"Jaadan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethnobot. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"11","article-title":"Lycium schweinfurthii Dammer (Solanaceae, Lycieae), species mal compressa confermata per meridione d\u2019Italia","volume":"8","author":"Montoleone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Plant. Notes"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/EJMP\/2015\/17429","article-title":"Screening for biological activities of medicinal plants used in traditional Arabic Palestinian herbal medicine","volume":"9","author":"Jamous","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"3681","article-title":"An ethnobotanical uses of plants in the Middle Area, Gaza Strip, Palestine","volume":"5","author":"Auda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ighbareyeh, J.M.H., Cano-Ortiz, A., and Cano, E. (2022). Phytosociology and vegetation of plants of Beit Jibrin in Palestine. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11020264"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"73","article-title":"A comparative chemical study of Lycium species growing in Egypt","volume":"2","author":"Baghdadi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Alex. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"288","article-title":"Phytochemical studies on Lycium schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii (Solanaceae) and isolation of five flavonoids from leaves","volume":"4","author":"Ewais","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Stud."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1616730","article-title":"A new glucoside with a potent \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Lycium schweinfurthii","volume":"35","author":"Elbermawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5134","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2021.1922902","article-title":"Lycium schweinfurthii: New secondary metabolites and their cytotoxic activities","volume":"36","author":"Elbermawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"147","article-title":"Characterization of the wild trees and shrubs in the Egyptian flora","volume":"60","author":"Bedair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamdouh, D., Mahgoub, H.A.M., Gabr, A.M.M., Ewais, E.A., and Smetanska, I. (2021). Genetic stability, phenolic, flavonoid, ferulic acid contents, and antioxidant activity of micropropagated Lycium schweinfurthii plants. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10102089"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2021.100235","article-title":"Plant cell cultures as heterologous bio-factories for secondary metabolite production","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamdouh, D., and Smetanska, I. (2022). Optimization of callus and cell suspension cultures of Lycium schweinfurthii for improved production of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8050394"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24935","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA02532A","article-title":"Anti-diabetic activities of phenolic compounds of Alternaria sp., an endophyte isolated from the leaves of desert plants growing in Egypt","volume":"12","author":"Elbermawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7817","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c03007","article-title":"Alternaria mycotoxins: An overview of toxicity, metabolism, and analysis in food","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.200800404","article-title":"Diversity of antimicrobial pyrenophorol derivatives from an endophytic fungus, Phoma sp.","volume":"2008","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12121","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200900749","article-title":"Xanthones and oxepino[2,3-b]chromones from three endophytic fungi","volume":"15","author":"Krohn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1021\/np100730b","article-title":"Diversonol and blennolide derivatives from the endophytic fungus Microdiplodia sp.: Absolute configuration of diversonol","volume":"74","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/11263504.2020.1727988","article-title":"Distribution, ecological role and symbioses of selected shrubby species in the Mediterranean basin: A review","volume":"154","author":"Lombardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigore, M.N. (2020). Ethnopharmacology and medicinal uses of extreme halophytes. Handbook of Halophytes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-17854-3"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152009","article-title":"Deforestation by historical lime industry in an arid aeolian sedimentary system: An applied and methodological research","volume":"819","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.11.009","article-title":"Accumulation of heavy metals in metallophytes from three mining sites (Southern Centre Morocco) and evaluation of their phytoremediation potential","volume":"169","author":"Midhat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2020.01.002","article-title":"Ethnobotanical study and biodiversity of medicinal plants used in the Tarfaya Province, Morocco","volume":"40","author":"Msanda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"2005","article-title":"Ehnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the region of Middle Oumrbia (Morocco)","volume":"19","author":"Fatiha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Arch."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.11.114","article-title":"Determination of phytochemicals and antioxidante acivity of mthanol extracts obtained from the fruit and leaves of Tunisian Lycium intricatum Boiss","volume":"174","author":"Abdennacer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104340","article-title":"Phenolic compounds in Lycium berry: Composition, health benefits and industrial applications","volume":"77","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-015-0055-9","article-title":"Lycium intricatum Boiss.: An unexploited and rich source of unsaturated fatty acids, 4-desmethylsterols and other valuable phytochemicals","volume":"14","author":"Boulila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lipids Heath Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1797729","article-title":"A new ionone derivative from Lycium intricatum Boiss. (Solanaceae)","volume":"36","author":"Bendjedou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Thatoi, H., Das, S.K., and Mohapatra, S. (2022). Antifungal drugs from endophytic microbes: Present and future prospects. Bioresource Utilization and Management. Applications in Therapeutics, Biofuels, Agriculture, and Environmental Science, Apple Acacemic Press."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2021.1940087","article-title":"Marine and terrestrial endophytic fungi: A mine of bioactive xanthone compounds, recent progress, limitations, and novel applications","volume":"42","author":"Khattab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821734-4.00002-2","article-title":"Role of the endogenous fungal metabolites in the plant growth improvement and stress","volume":"3","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fungi Bio-Prospects Sustain. Agric. Environ. Nano-Technol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, D., Zhao, Y., Yang, G., and Huang, L. (2017). Systematic review of chemical constituents in the genus Lycium (Solanaceae). Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22060911"}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/12\/1265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:41:42Z","timestamp":1760146902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/12\/12\/1265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo12121265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo12121265","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]}}}