{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T20:28:35Z","timestamp":1777840115228,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ongoing research explores the underlying causes of ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. Many experts suggest that dysbiosis in the gut microbiota and genetic, immunological, and environmental factors play significant roles. The term \u201cmicrobiota\u201d pertains to the collective community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, that reside within the gastrointestinal tract, with a particular emphasis on the colon. When there is an imbalance or disruption in the composition of the gut microbiota, it is referred to as dysbiosis. Dysbiosis can trigger inflammation in the intestinal cells and disrupt the innate immune system, leading to oxidative stress, redox signaling, electrophilic stress, and inflammation. The Nod-like Receptor (NLR) Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a key regulator found in immunological and epithelial cells, is crucial in inducing inflammatory diseases, promoting immune responses to the gut microbiota, and regulating the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. Its downstream effectors include caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2. The present study investigated the therapeutic potential of 13 medicinal plants, such as Litsea cubeba, Artemisia anomala, Piper nigrum, Morus macroura, and Agrimonia pilosa, and 29 phytocompounds such as artemisitene, morroniside, protopine, ferulic acid, quercetin, picroside II, and hydroxytyrosol on in vitro and in vivo models of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), with a focus on their effects on the NLRP3 inflammasome. The observed effects of these treatments included reductions in IL-1\u03b2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, interferon-gamma, and caspase levels, and increased expression of antioxidant enzymes, IL-4, and IL-10, as well as regulation of gut microbiota. These effects could potentially provide substantial advantages in treating IBD with few or no adverse effects as caused by synthetic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulated drugs. However, additional research is necessary to validate these findings clinically and to develop effective treatments that can benefit individuals who suffer from these diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13060728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T02:02:15Z","timestamp":1686103335000},"page":"728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals and Regulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4143-4302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Direito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical & Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Maria","family":"Barbalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Mar\u00edlia (FATEC), Avenida Castro Alves, 62, Mar\u00edlia 17500-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1561-6858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Eduardo","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical & Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Minniti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Magno","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"de Oliveira Zanuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"de Oliveira dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"de G\u00f3es Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Vict\u00f3ria Dogani","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Mar\u00edlia (FAMEMA), Avenida Monte Carmelo, 800, Mar\u00edlia 17519-030, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"de Alvares Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9930-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elen Landgraf","family":"Guiguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Mar\u00edlia (FATEC), Avenida Castro Alves, 62, Mar\u00edlia 17500-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5716-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano Cressoni","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Bosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15090-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Fornari Laurindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Mar\u00edlia (FAMEMA), Avenida Monte Carmelo, 800, Mar\u00edlia 17519-030, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, V., Gautam, D.N.S., Radu, A.F., Behl, T., Bungau, S.G., and Vesa, C.M. 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