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Union","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["HORIZON-HLTH-2022-STAYHLTH-101080329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HORIZON-HLTH-2022-STAYHLTH-101080329"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity incidence has been increasing at an alarming rate, especially in women of reproductive age. It is estimated that 50% of pregnancies occur in overweight or obese women. It has been described that maternal obesity (MO) predisposes the offspring to an increased risk of developing many chronic diseases in an early stage of life, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the main cause of death worldwide among men and women, and it is manifested in a sex-divergent way. Maternal nutrition and MO during gestation could prompt CVD development in the offspring through adaptations of the offspring\u2019s cardiovascular system in the womb, including cardiac epigenetic and persistent metabolic programming of signaling pathways and modulation of mitochondrial metabolic function. Currently, despite diet supplementation, effective therapeutical solutions to prevent the deleterious cardiac offspring function programming by an obesogenic womb are lacking. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which an obesogenic intrauterine environment could program the offspring\u2019s cardiovascular metabolism in a sex-divergent way, with a special focus on cardiac mitochondrial function, and debate possible strategies to implement during MO pregnancy that could ameliorate, revert, or even prevent deleterious effects of MO on the offspring\u2019s cardiovascular system. The impact of maternal physical exercise during an obesogenic pregnancy, nutritional interventions, and supplementation on offspring\u2019s cardiac metabolism are discussed, highlighting changes that may be favorable to MO offspring\u2019s cardiovascular health, which might result in the attenuation or even prevention of the development of CVD in MO offspring. The objectives of this manuscript are to comprehensively examine the various aspects of MO during pregnancy and explore the underlying mechanisms that contribute to an increased CVD risk in the offspring. We review the current literature on MO and its impact on the offspring\u2019s cardiometabolic health. Furthermore, we discuss the potential long-term consequences for the offspring. Understanding the multifaceted effects of MO on the offspring\u2019s health is crucial for healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers to develop effective strategies for prevention and intervention to improve care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13070845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:49:30Z","timestamp":1689295770000},"page":"845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Made in the Womb: Maternal Programming of Offspring Cardiovascular Function by an Obesogenic Womb"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2161-9676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana S.","family":"Diniz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6278-9241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds F.","family":"Grilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3758-0454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Tocantins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1937-3782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Falc\u00e3o-Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1168-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana P.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2017.08.008","article-title":"Obesity in Pregnancy: Optimizing Outcomes for Mom and Baby","volume":"102","author":"Dutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. 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