{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T14:52:24Z","timestamp":1775227944219,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012329","name":"the participating States and from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20NRM02 MFMET"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20NRM02 MFMET"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metrology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dimensional measurements are fundamental in microfluidic device manufacturing and performance. The main focus of this study is the measurement of the connection port sizes in microfluidic devices and components and, accordingly, the possible existence of fluid leaks determined using the flow rate error. The sizes associated with three different microfluidic systems were determined using laser interferometry and through an optical measuring instrument, with metrological traceability to national length standards. It was possible to infer the method with the greatest accuracy and lowest measurement uncertainty for characterizing this kind of system. In conclusion, the results of this work directly address the current lack of dimensions measuring methods of microfluidic components by providing a comprehensive comparison of different protocols, ultimately suggesting a preferred option for immediate application within the microfluidic industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metrology4020015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T15:09:36Z","timestamp":1715008176000},"page":"240-253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Importance of Dimensional Traceability in Microfluidic Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2239-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Batista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metrology Department, Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Qualidade, 2829-513 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9630-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Alves e Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metrology Department, Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Qualidade, 2829-513 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2068-5680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metrology Department, Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Qualidade, 2829-513 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8368-3374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vania","family":"Silverio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias, INESC MN, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8155-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0692-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNEC\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, 1700-066 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022). Microfluidic Devices\u2014Interoperability Requirements for Dimensions, Connections and Initial Device Classification (Standard No. ISO 22916:2022)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azizipour, N., Avazpour, R., Rosenzweig, D.H., Sawan, M., and Ajji, A. (2020). Evolution of Biochip Technology: A Review from Lab-on-a-Chip to Organ-on-a-Chip. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11060599"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.820534","article-title":"A BioMEMS review: MEMS technology for physiologically integrated devices","volume":"92","author":"Grayson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Silverio, V., and Cardoso, S. (2021). Drug Delivery Devices and Therapeutic Systems, Elsevier Science. Chapter E."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00118-6","article-title":"A guide to the organ-on-a-chip","volume":"2","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Prim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra147","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004249","article-title":"A human disease model of drug toxicity\u2013induced pulmonary edema in a lung-on-a-chip microdevice","volume":"4","author":"Huh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2989","article-title":"Microfluidic organs-on-chips","volume":"32","author":"Bhatia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c04366","article-title":"Recent Advances in Microfluidic Technology for Bioanalysis and Diagnostics","volume":"93","author":"Berlanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14439-1","article-title":"Near-Field Sub-Diffraction Photolithography with an Elastomeric Photomask","volume":"11","author":"Paik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-019-0080-3","article-title":"Scalable Integration of Nano-, and Microfluidics with Hybrid Two-Photon Lithography","volume":"5","author":"Vanderpoorten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915332116","article-title":"Crack Engineering for the Construction of Arbitrary Hierarchical Architectures","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2021.100755","article-title":"Microfluidic integration for electrochemical biosensor applications","volume":"29","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2019.05.014","article-title":"Microfluidics and electrochemistry: An emerging tandem for next-generation analytical microsystems","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(90)80209-I","article-title":"Miniaturized Total Chemical Analysis Systems: A Novel Concept for Chemical Sensing","volume":"1","author":"Manz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2024, February 26). Available online:. https:\/\/Mfmet.eu."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101691","article-title":"Experimental testing for metrological traceability and accuracy of liquid microflows and microfluidics","volume":"71","author":"Batista","year":"2021","journal-title":"Flow Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2014-0145","article-title":"Primary standards for measuring flow rates from 100 nL\/min to 1 mL\/min\u2014Gravimetric principle","volume":"60","author":"Bissig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measen.2021.100152","article-title":"Development of an experimental setup for micro flow measurement using the front tracking method","volume":"18","author":"Batista","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meas. Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113141","article-title":"Traceability of the primary Nano-flow measurement System: Measuring the local inner diameter of a glass capillary","volume":"218","author":"Boudaoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00714-x","article-title":"Deep learning in optical metrology: A review","volume":"11","author":"Zuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e5svik, K.J. (2002). Optical Metrology, Wiley. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0470855606"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshizawa, T. (2017). Handbook of Optical Metrology: Principles and Applications, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b18328"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hariharan, P. (2007). Basics of Interferometry, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373589-8\/50004-3"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donges, A., and Noll, R. (2014). Laser Measurement Technology\u2014Fundamentals and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43634-9"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"032002","article-title":"3D optical measurement techniques","volume":"34","author":"Engel","year":"2002","journal-title":"2023 Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2009.03.012","article-title":"Dynamic 3-D shape measurement method: A review","volume":"48","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2008). BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ILAC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, and OIML, Evaluation of Measurement Data\u2014Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (Standard No. JCGM 100:2008)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Batista, E. (2022). Innovative Contributions on Calibration Methodologies towards Reliable Microflow Measurements. [Ph.D. Thesis, Mechanical Engineering, FCT\/UNL]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015301","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/25\/1\/015301","article-title":"Design, uncertainty assessment of a setup for calibration of microfluidic devices down to 5 nL min\u22121","volume":"25","author":"Ahrens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2022). Statistical Methods Used in Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory Comparisons (Standard No. ISO 13528:2022)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2012). BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ILAC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, and OIML, International Vocabulary of Metrology|BASIC and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM) (Standard No. JCGM 200:2012)."}],"container-title":["Metrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-8244\/4\/2\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:40:25Z","timestamp":1760107225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-8244\/4\/2\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["metrology4020015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metrology4020015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-8244"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-8244","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]}}}