{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T13:44:02Z","timestamp":1772113442426,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/M008517\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/M008517\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Winton Program for the Physics of Sustainability","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECF-2018-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECF-2018-016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Issac Newton Trust","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"L'Oreal-UNESCO U.K. and Ireland Fellowship For Women In Science","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000654","name":"Marie Curie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020-MSCA-IF-2016-746958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-IF-2016-746958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish AEI","award":["PID2019\u2013104604RB\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019\u2013104604RB\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"EPSRC Cambridge NanoDTC","award":["EP\/L015978\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L015978\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional (3D) spintronic devices are attracting significant research interest due to their potential for both fundamental studies and computing applications. However, their implementations face great challenges regarding not only the fabrication of 3D nanomagnets with high quality materials, but also their integration into 2D microelectronic circuits. In this study, we developed a new fabrication process to facilitate the efficient integration of both non-planar 3D geometries and high-quality multi-layered magnetic materials to prototype 3D spintronic devices, as a first step to investigate new physical effects in such systems. Specifically, we exploited 3D nanoprinting, physical vapour deposition and lithographic techniques to realise a 3D nanomagnetic circuit based on a nanobridge geometry, coated with high quality Ta\/CoFeB\/Ta layers. The successful establishment of this 3D circuit was verified through magnetotransport measurements in combination with micromagnetic simulations and finite element modelling. This fabrication process provides new capabilities for the realisation of a greater variety of 3D nanomagnetic circuits, which will facilitate the understanding and exploitation of 3D spintronic systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12080859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T22:35:31Z","timestamp":1626993331000},"page":"859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Fabrication of a 3D Nanomagnetic Circuit with Multi-Layered Materials for Applications in Spintronics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6389-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanfan","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9942-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2169-3008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luka","family":"Skoric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6600-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelio","family":"Hierro-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"},{"name":"Departamento Fisica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jung-wei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3862-8472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK"},{"name":"SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0461-5","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges for spintronics in the microelectronics industry","volume":"3","author":"Dieny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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