{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T14:53:22Z","timestamp":1775055202491,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-029394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-029394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EMD-EMD\/29394\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EMD-EMD\/29394\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.00215.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00215.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since microorganisms are evolving rapidly, there is a growing need for a new, fast, and precise technique to analyse blood samples and distinguish healthy from pathological samples. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can provide information related to the biochemical composition and how it changes when a pathological state arises. FTIR spectroscopy has undergone rapid development over the last decades with a promise of easier, faster, and more impartial diagnoses within the biomedical field. However, thus far only a limited number of studies have addressed the use of FTIR spectroscopy in this field. This paper describes the main concepts related to FTIR and presents the latest research focusing on FTIR spectroscopy technology and its integration in lab-on-a-chip devices and their applications in the biological field. This review presents the potential use of FTIR to distinguish between healthy and pathological samples, with examples of early cancer detection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) detection, and routine blood analysis, among others. Finally, the study also reflects on the features of FTIR technology that can be applied in a lab-on-a-chip format and further developed for small healthcare devices that can be used for point-of-care monitoring purposes. To the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, no other published study has reviewed these topics. Therefore, this analysis and its results will fill this research gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13020187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:49:51Z","timestamp":1643258991000},"page":"187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":173,"title":["Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy to Analyse Human Blood over the Last 20 Years: A Review towards Lab-on-a-Chip Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Fadlelmoula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3884-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4658-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor Hugo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Research Center, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"2Ai, School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8962-0710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana O.","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2460-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Minas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimaraes, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"k4666","article-title":"Temporal trends in use of tests in UK primary care, 2000\u20132015: Retrospective analysis of 250 million tests","volume":"363","author":"Stevens","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2015). Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1260\/2040-2295.6.3.419","article-title":"Equipment and Energy Usage in a Large Teaching Hospital in Norway","volume":"6","author":"Rohde","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-012-0214-3","article-title":"Turnaround Time (TAT): Difference in Concept for Laboratory and Clinician","volume":"30","author":"Pati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Hematol. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory (2021, June 01). Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK55878\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2011.01.019","article-title":"Point-of-care testing (POCT): Current techniques and future perspectives","volume":"30","author":"Luppa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, L., and Kramer, P.R. (2016). Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, and Infectious Diseases. Human Physiology, Biochemistry and Basic Medicine, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803699-0.00040-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2.1.1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470089941.et0201s11","article-title":"Spectrophotometry","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Essent. Lab. Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Olaniyan, M.F. (2017). Lecture Notes on Laboratory Instrumentation and Techniques, Achievers University. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2021, July 01). Orange County Biotechnology Education Collaborative, \u201cIntroduction to Biotechnology\u201d, LibreTexts. Available online: https:\/\/batch.libretexts.org\/print\/Letter\/Finished\/bio-36736\/Full.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2021, July 01). How an Automated Blood Cell Counter Works?. Medsource Ozone Biomedicals., Available online: https:\/\/www.ozonebio.com\/india\/product-detail\/alphacount-60#insights."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.10109","article-title":"IR spectra and IR spectral maps of individual normal and cancerous cells","volume":"67","author":"Diem","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clispe.2020.100004","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of human blood serum using vibrational spectroscopy","volume":"2","author":"Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Griffiths, P.R., and de Haseth, J.A. (1986). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Mantsch, H.H., and Chapman, D. (1996). Infrared Spectroscopy of Biomolecules, John Wiley & Sons Inc."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"101","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy investigations of protein structure","volume":"7","author":"Cooper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vaccine Des."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Mantsch, H.H., and Chapman, D. (1996). Infrared spectroscopy of nucleic acids. Infrared Spectroscopy of Biomolecules, Wiley-Liss."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4622(03)00035-8","article-title":"A library of IR bands of nucleic acids in solution","volume":"104","author":"Banyay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-3084(98)00078-4","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy of glycolipids","volume":"96","author":"Brandenburg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/05704920903042098","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of skin cancer cells and tissues","volume":"44","author":"Murakami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Spectros. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gremlich, H.U. (2001). Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Biological Materials, Marcel Dekker.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16936"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2021, June 01). Near, Mid and Far-Infrared (dur.ac.uk), Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, NASA Official: Brian Dunbar. Available online: http:\/\/www.icc.dur.ac.uk\/~tt\/Lectures\/Galaxies\/Images\/Infrared\/Regions\/irregions.html."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balan, V., Mihai, C.T., Cojocaru, F.D., Uritu, C.M., Dodi, G., Botezat, D., and Gardikiotis, I. (2019). Vibrational Spectroscopy Fingerprinting in Medicine: From Molecular to Clinical Practice. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12182884"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bramson, M.A. (1968). Infrared Radiation: A Handbook for Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0911-7"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2016.1230863","article-title":"Advances in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of biological tissues","volume":"52","author":"Talari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/05704920701829043","article-title":"Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy of Biological Tissues","volume":"43","author":"Movasaghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2007.06.004","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy of proteins","volume":"1767","author":"Barth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fringeli, V.P. (1981). Membrane Spectroscopy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-81537-9_6"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4157(84)90017-0","article-title":"Polymorphic phase behaviour of phospholipid membranes studied by infrared spectroscopy","volume":"779","author":"Casal","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siebert, P.H.F. (2008). Vibrational Spectroscopy in Life Science, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527621347"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2017.05.045","article-title":"Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: A review","volume":"185","author":"Wiercigroch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, J., Zhang, K., Xue, Y., Liu, W., Chen, T., Lu, Y., and Zhao, G. (2020). Review of MEMS Based Fourier Transform Spectrometers. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11020214"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"631","article-title":"ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy: Its Advantages and Limitations","volume":"49","author":"Grdadolnik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Chim. Slov."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/1744259111423367","article-title":"Accelerated Climate Aging of Building Materials and their Characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Jelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Build. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"893528","article-title":"The Use of FTIR and Micro-FTIR Spectroscopy: An Example of Application to Cultural Heritage","volume":"2009","author":"Ruffolo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1021\/ac701638r","article-title":"Hygroscopic Behavior of Substrate-Deposited Particles Studied by micro-FT-IR Spectroscopy and Complementary Methods of Particle Analysis","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Meyers, R.A., and McKelvy, M.L. (2000). Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Prabhakar, S., Jain, N., and Singh, R.A. (2010). FT-IR Spectroscopy as a Bio-Diagnostic Tool for Detection of Leukemia. Emerging Trends in Laser & Spectroscopy and Applications, Allied Publishers. [2010th ed.]. Chapter 40."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3233\/BSI-160144","article-title":"An infrared spectroscopic blood test for non-small cell lung carcinoma and subtyping into pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Ollesch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Spectrosc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-181393","article-title":"Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy to diagnose skin cancer and to distinguish different metastatic potential of melanoma cell","volume":"23","author":"Andleeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02711-8","article-title":"Reagent-free total protein quantification of intact extracellular vesicles by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy","volume":"412","author":"Szentirmai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaber, R., Kowal, A., Jakubczyk, P., Arthur, C., \u0141ach, K., Wojnarowska-Nowak, R., Kusz, K., Zawlik, I., Paszek, S., and Cebulski, J. (2021). A Preliminary Study of FTIR Spectroscopy as a Potential Non-Invasive Screening Tool for Pediatric Precursor B Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041174"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77378-3","article-title":"ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in blood plasma combined with multivariate analysis to detect HIV infection in pregnant women","volume":"10","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1685","article-title":"Ushasree and Adeel Ahmad Ftir Spectroscopic Analysis on Human Blood Groups","volume":"6","author":"Vijaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.10554","article-title":"Studies on acute human infections using FTIR microspectroscopy and cluster analysis","volume":"73","author":"Mordehai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2018.1470691","article-title":"Evaluation of inflammatory processes by FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"42","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pachetti, M., Zupin, L., Venturin, I., Mitri, E., Boscolo, R., D\u2019Amico, F., Vaccari, L., Crovella, S., Ricci, G., and Pascolo, L. (2020). FTIR Spectroscopy to Reveal Lipid and Protein Changes Induced on Sperm by Capacitation: Bases for an Improvement of Sample Selection in ART. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228659"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2020.118311","article-title":"Application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemo-metrics for the discrimination of human bone remains from different archaeological sites in Turkey","volume":"237","author":"Sen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702819875828","article-title":"Identification of a Glass Substrate to Study Cells Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: Are We Closer to Spectral Pathology?","volume":"74","author":"Rutter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04678-6","article-title":"Using Attenuated Total Reflection\u2013Fourier Transform Infra-Red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to distinguish between melanoma cells with a different metastatic potential","volume":"7","author":"Minnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/365056","article-title":"EPR and FTIR Spectroscopies Study of Human Blood after Irradiation","volume":"27","author":"Polakovs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spectroscopy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867322666150311152800","article-title":"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) as a Tool for the Identification and Differentiation of Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"22","author":"Zarnowiec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.110","article-title":"Using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy to analyze biological materials","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AN01580H","article-title":"Early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease using infrared spectroscopy of isolated blood samples followed by multivariate analyses","volume":"142","author":"Mordechai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AN02075E","article-title":"The effect of common anticoagulants in detection and quantification of malaria parasitemia in human red blood cells by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"142","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4343590","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4343590","article-title":"Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy Analysis of Saliva for Breast Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"2020","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-014-9691-7","article-title":"Structural investigation of donor age effect on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: FTIR spectroscopy and imaging","volume":"36","author":"Aksoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12092","article-title":"Characterization of food spoilage fungi by FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"114","author":"Shapaval","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN00093C","article-title":"Characterization of CD133+\/CD44+ human prostate cancer stem cells with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"144","author":"Guven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoytcheva, M., and Zlatev, R. (2016). Lab on a Chip Fabrication and Application, InTechOpen. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.5772\/61470"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landari, H., Roudjane, M., Messaddeq, Y., and Miled, A. (2018). Pseudo-Continuous Flow FTIR System for Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose Identification in Mid-IR Range. Micromachines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9100517"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC01460C","article-title":"IR-Live: Fabrication of a low-cost plastic microfluidic device for infrared spectromicroscopy of living cells","volume":"16","author":"Birarda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1039\/c001889a","article-title":"Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for on-chip monitoring of solute concentrations","volume":"10","author":"Greener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3233\/BSI-170171","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy as a new tool for studying single living cells: Is there a niche?","volume":"6","author":"Sabbatini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Spectrosc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.55","article-title":"Downregulation of ceramide synthase-6 during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition reduces plasma membrane fluidity and cancer cell motility","volume":"34","author":"Edmond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Santo, R., Roman\u00f2, S., Mazzini, A., Jovanovi\u0107, S., Nocca, G., Campi, G., Papi, M., De Spirito, M., Di Giacinto, F., and Ciasca, G. (2021). Recent Advances in the Label-Free Characterization of Exosomes for Cancer Liquid Biopsy: From Scattering and Spectroscopy to Nanoindentation and Nanodevices. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11061476"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blat, A., Stepanenko, T., Bulat, K., Wajda, A., Dybas, J., Mohaissen, T., Alcicek, F., Szczesny-Malysiak, E., Malek, K., and Fedorowicz, A. (2021). Spectroscopic Signature of Red Blood Cells in a D-Galactose-Induced Accelerated Aging Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052660"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC50878A","article-title":"SU-8 bonding protocol for the fabrication of microfluidic devices dedicated to FTIR microspectroscopy of live cells","volume":"14","author":"Mitri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/13\/2\/187\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:08:01Z","timestamp":1760134081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/13\/2\/187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["mi13020187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi13020187","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]}}}