{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T18:06:38Z","timestamp":1773252398025,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.02085.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.02085.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.06207.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.06207.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/2846\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/2846\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.00027.CEECIND\/CP1664\/CT0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.00027.CEECIND\/CP1664\/CT0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/151028\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151028\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.02085.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.02085.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.06207.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.06207.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/2846\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EEI-EEE\/2846\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.00027.CEECIND\/CP1664\/CT0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.00027.CEECIND\/CP1664\/CT0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/151028\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151028\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"R&amp;D Units Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evolution in the biomedical engineering field boosts innovative technologies, with microfluidic systems standing out as transformative tools in disease diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. Numerical simulation has emerged as a tool of increasing importance for better understanding and predicting fluid-flow behavior in microscale devices. This review explores fabrication techniques and common materials of microfluidic devices, focusing on soft lithography and additive manufacturing. Microfluidic systems applications, including nucleic acid amplification and protein synthesis, as well as point-of-care diagnostics, DNA analysis, cell cultures, and organ-on-a-chip models (e.g., lung-, brain-, liver-, and tumor-on-a-chip), are discussed. Recent studies have applied computational tools such as ANSYS Fluent 2024 software to numerically simulate the flow behavior. Outside of the study cases, this work reports fundamental aspects of microfluidic simulations, including fluid flow, mass transport, mixing, and diffusion, and highlights the emergent field of organ-on-a-chip simulations. Additionally, it takes into account the application of geometries to improve the mixing of samples, as well as surface wettability modification. In conclusion, the present review summarizes the most relevant contributions of microfluidic systems and their numerical modeling to biomedical engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15070873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T06:04:18Z","timestamp":1719986658000},"page":"873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Advances in Microfluidic Systems and Numerical Modeling in Biomedical Applications: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9447-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"ALGORITMI Center\/LASI, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6300-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-052 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Campus Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMO\u2014Mountain Research Center, Campus Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui A.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"CEFT\u2014Transport Phenomena Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7464-3944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senhorinha","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3884-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201000946","article-title":"Microfluidic Devices for Bioapplications","volume":"7","author":"Yeo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, V., Rodrigues, R.O., Lima, R.A., and Teixeira, S. (2021). Computational Simulations in Advanced Microfluidic Devices: A Review. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12101149"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122124","article-title":"Engineering Flows in Small Devices: Microfluidics toward a Lab-on-a-Chip","volume":"36","author":"Stone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lu\u00edsa, V., and Faustino, C. (2024, May 22). Microfluidic System for Cell Separation and Deformation Assessment by Using Passive Methods. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1822\/80141."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dmpk.2017.11.003","article-title":"Organ\/Body-on-a-Chip Based on Microfluidic Technology for Drug Discovery","volume":"33","author":"Kimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068212454853","article-title":"Microfluidic Systems for Diagnostic Applications: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Lei","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lab. Autom."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.11.009","article-title":"Organ-on-a-Chip: A New Paradigm for Drug Development","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.05.050","article-title":"Point-of-Care Microfluidic Devices for Pathogen Detection","volume":"117","author":"Nasseri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damiati, S., Kompella, U.B., Damiati, S.A., and Kodzius, R. (2018). Microfluidic Devices for Drug Delivery Systems and Drug Screening. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9020103"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113042","article-title":"Cell Culture Models in Microfluidic Systems","volume":"1","author":"Meyvantsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6623","DOI":"10.3390\/s100706623","article-title":"Microfluidic Systems for Biosensing","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900688","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201900688","article-title":"Application of Microfluidics in Wearable Devices","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2098031","article-title":"In-Plane Biocompatible Microfluidic Interconnects for Implantable Microsystems","volume":"58","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012001","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/20\/1\/012001","article-title":"Micro- and Nanobiosensors\u2013State of the Art and Trends","volume":"20","author":"Urban","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niculescu, A.G., Chircov, C., B\u00eerc\u0103, A.C., and Grumezescu, A.M. (2021). Fabrication and Applications of Microfluidic Devices: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042011"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, V., Gon\u00e7alves, I.M., Rodrigues, N., Sousa, P., Pinto, V., Minas, G., Kaji, H., Shin, S.R., Rodrigues, R.O., and Teixeira, S.F.C.F. (2024). Numerical Evaluation and Experimental Validation of Fluid Flow Behavior within an Organ-on-a-Chip Model. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., 243.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2023.107883"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2020.07.008","article-title":"Advances in Numerical Approaches for Microfluidic Cell Analysis Platforms","volume":"5","author":"Sheidaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, V., Gon\u00e7alves, I., Lage, T., Rodrigues, R.O., Minas, G., Teixeira, S.F.C.F., Moita, A.S., Hori, T., Kaji, H., and Lima, R.A. (2021). 3d Printing Techniques and Their Applications to Organ-on-a-chip Platforms: A Systematic Review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093304"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094001","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/25\/9\/094001","article-title":"Mixing in Microfluidic Devices and Enhancement Methods","volume":"25","author":"Ward","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giant.2022.100091","article-title":"Developing Advanced Polymer Films Based on Microfluidic Laminar Flow","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Giant"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"105","article-title":"Low Reynolds Number Micro-Fluidic Devices","volume":"1996","author":"Brody","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Solid-State Sens. Actuator Workshop"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC01159K","article-title":"Fundamentals and Applications of Inertial Microfluidics: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2012.02.003","article-title":"Suspension Flow in Microfluidic Devices\u2014A Review of Experimental Techniques Focussing on Concentration and Velocity Gradients","volume":"173","author":"Vergeldt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-020-2328-5","article-title":"A Concise Review of Microfluidic Particle Manipulation Methods","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluidics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b05042","article-title":"Nonlinear Microfluidics","volume":"91","author":"Stoecklein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Navier-Stokes Equations in Biomedical Engineering: A Critical Review of Their Use in medical Device Development in the USA and Africa","volume":"21","author":"Ohalete","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Adv. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechflu.2019.12.005","article-title":"A Revisit of Navier\u2013Stokes Equation","volume":"80","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech. B\/Fluids"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00004.2019","article-title":"A Student Practical to Conceptualize the Importance of Poiseuille\u2019s Law and Flow Control in the Cardiovascular System","volume":"44","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1140\/epje\/s10189-022-00211-4","article-title":"Analysis of a Microfluidic Device for Diffusion Coefficient Determination of High Molecular Weight Solutes Detectable in the Visible Spectrum","volume":"45","author":"Binda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. E"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.05.065","article-title":"A Review on Microfluidics Manipulation of the Extracellular Chemical Microenvironment and Its Emerging Application to Cell Analysis","volume":"1125","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Kim, P., Kwon, K.W., Park, M.C., Lee, S.H., Kim, S.M., and Suh, K.Y. (2008). Soft Lithography for Microfluidics a Review, The Korean BioChip Society."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin, R., Knowlton, S., Hart, A., Yenilmez, B., Ghaderinezhad, F., Katebifar, S., Messina, M., Khademhosseini, A., and Tasoglu, S. (2016). 3D-Printed Microfluidic Devices. Biofabrication, 8.","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/8\/2\/022001"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112388","article-title":"Microfluidic Devices Manufacturing with a Stereolithographic Printer for Biological Applications","volume":"129","author":"Carnero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA24884E","article-title":"Fabrication of PDMS Microfluidic Devices with 3D Wax Jetting","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC51360B","article-title":"Mail-Order Microfluidics: Evaluation of Stereolithography for the Production of Microfluidic Devices","volume":"14","author":"Au","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.10.110","article-title":"Simplified Fabrication of Integrated Microfluidic Devices Using Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing","volume":"242","author":"Gaal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-06810-3","article-title":"Scanning Strategy in Selective Laser Melting (SLM): A Review","volume":"113","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Liu, J., Zhang, H., Kent, N.J., Diamond, D., and Gilchrist, M.D. (2019). 3D Printing of Metallic Microstructured Mould Using Selective Laser Melting for Injection Moulding of Plastic Microfluidic Devices. Micromachines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10090595"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2003.09.019","article-title":"Integrated Microfluidic Devices","volume":"507","author":"Erickson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/40.9.1815","article-title":"PCR in a Silicon Microstructure","volume":"40","author":"Wilding","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980656z","article-title":"Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Systems in Poly(Dimethylsiloxane)","volume":"70","author":"Duffy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095028","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/18\/9\/095028","article-title":"PDMS as a Sacrificial Substrate for SU-8-Based Biomedical and Microfluidic Applications","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.07.029","article-title":"Advantages and Challenges of Microfluidic Cell Culture in Polydimethylsiloxane Devices","volume":"63","author":"Halldorsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(01)00594-X","article-title":"Polymer Microfluidic Devices","volume":"56","author":"Becker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.111517","article-title":"Development of Glass-Based Microfluidic Devices: A Review on Its Fabrication and Biologic Applications","volume":"225","author":"Aralekallu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00288K","article-title":"Conventional and Emerging Strategies for the Fabrication and Functionalization of PDMS-Based Microfluidic Devices","volume":"21","author":"Shakeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-019-04662-2","article-title":"Injection Molding and Characterization of PMMA-Based Microfluidic Devices","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.25831","article-title":"Polymer-Based Microfluidic Devices: A Comprehensive Review on Preparation and Applications","volume":"62","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00518A","article-title":"De Understanding and Improving FDM 3D Printing to Fabricate High-Resolution and Optically Transparent Microfluidic Devices","volume":"21","author":"Quero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5097","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2020.3022346","article-title":"Electromicrofluidic Device on Multilayered Laser-Induced Polyamide Substrate for Diverse Electrochemical Applications","volume":"67","author":"Kothuru","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., and Lee, J.B. (2021). Biocompatibility of Su-8 and Its Biomedical Device Applications. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12070794"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Teixeira De Sousa, P.J. (2011). Estudo e Otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o de Estruturas Em PDMS Para Dispositivos Microflu\u00eddicos. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Do Minho Escola de Engenharia]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200900475","article-title":"Recent Developments in PDMS Surface Modification for Microfluidic Devices","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.12.043","article-title":"Permeability Thickness Dependence of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Membranes","volume":"481","author":"Firpo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50169h","article-title":"Paper-Based Microfluidic Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices","volume":"13","author":"Yetisen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.1c01320","article-title":"Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) Devices in Dealing with Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Emerging Solution","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202200162","article-title":"Recent Advances and Challenges in Temperature Monitoring and Control in Microfluidic Devices","volume":"44","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3311\/PPee.15358","article-title":"Biosensors Technologies for Point-of-Care Testing\u2014A Review","volume":"64","author":"Baluta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2024.102225","article-title":"A Role of Integrated Microheaters in a Microfluidics Based Point-of-Care-Testing and beyond for Healthcare Applications","volume":"38","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400086","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202400086","article-title":"Synthetic Cells from Droplet-Based Microfluidics for Biosensing and Biomedical Applications","volume":"2024","author":"Ngocho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruijns, B., van Asten, A., Tiggelaar, R., and Gardeniers, H. (2016). Microfluidic Devices for Forensic DNA Analysis: A Review. Biosensors, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios6030041"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2013.10.005","article-title":"Microfluidic Cell Culture","volume":"25","author":"Mehling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2005.08.003","article-title":"Microfluidic Devices for Environmental Monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Marle","year":"2005","journal-title":"TrAC\u2014Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha, N.S., Sadeghi, S., and van Dam, R.M. (2017). Recent Progress toward Microfluidic Quality Control Testing of Radiopharmaceuticals. Micromachines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi8110337"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, N.T., Hejazian, M., Ooi, C.H., and Kashaninejad, N. (2017). Recent Advances and Future Perspectives on Microfluidic Liquid Handling. Micromachines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi8060186"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2004.01.001","article-title":"Why the Move to Microfluidics for Protein Analysis?","volume":"15","author":"Lion","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003517","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202003517","article-title":"Organ-on-a-Chip: A Preclinical Microfluidic Platform for the Progress of Nanomedicine","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, I.M., Carvalho, V., Rodrigues, R.O., Pinho, D., Teixeira, S.F.C.F., Moita, A., Hori, T., Kaji, H., Lima, R., and Minas, G. (2022). Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms for Drug Screening and Delivery in Tumor Cells: A Systematic Review. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14040935"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00118-6","article-title":"A Guide to the Organ-on-a-Chip","volume":"2","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13206-022-00087-8","article-title":"Organ-On-A-Chip Technology: An In-Depth Review of Recent Advancements and Future of Whole Body-on-Chip","volume":"17","author":"Driver","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioChip J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC00962B","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Brain-on-a-Chip with an Interstitial Level of Flow and Its Application as an in Vitro Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ib40022k","article-title":"Astrocyte-Neuron Co-Culture on Microchips Based on the Model of SOD Mutation to Mimic ALS","volume":"5","author":"Kunze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.050","article-title":"A Microfluidic 3D Invitro Model for Specificity of Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone","volume":"35","author":"Bersini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC01357D","article-title":"Microfluidic Lung Airway-on-a-Chip with Arrayable Suspended Gels for Studying Epithelial and Smooth Muscle Cell Interactions","volume":"18","author":"Humayun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00210F","article-title":"Simultaneous Electrical Recording of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Contraction on Chip","volume":"17","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00550A","article-title":"Tumor-on-a-Chip for Integrating a 3D Tumor Microenvironment: Chemical and Mechanical Factors","volume":"20","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201900170","article-title":"3D Cell Culture Models and Organ-on-a-Chip: Meet Separation Science and Mass Spectrometry","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, C.H., and Choi, J.-W. (2010). Microfluidic D 18. Microfluidic Devices and Their Applications to Lab-on-a-Chip, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02525-9_18"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-010-1141-6","article-title":"Lab-on-a-Chip: A Component View","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.04.030","article-title":"Engineering and Evaluating Drug Delivery Particles in Microfluidic Devices","volume":"190","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27441","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b06464","article-title":"Chemically Edited Exosomes with Dual Ligand Purified by Microfluidic Device for Active Targeted Drug Delivery to Tumor Cells","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2124-7","article-title":"On-Chip Fabrication of Mutifunctional Envelope-Type Nanodevices for Gene Delivery","volume":"391","author":"Kuramoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC01246A","article-title":"Microfluidic Cell Sorting: A Review of the Advances in the Separation of Cells from Debulking to Rare Cell Isolation","volume":"15","author":"Reyes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kajishima, T., and Taira, K. (2017). Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flows. Computational Fluid Dynamics, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45304-0"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-013-1166-0","article-title":"Mapping Low-Reynolds-Number Microcavity Flows Using Microfluidic Screening Devices","volume":"15","author":"Fishler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluidics"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2019.03.063","article-title":"Investigating Laminar Mixing in High Pressure Microfluidic Systems","volume":"205","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201100736","article-title":"A Laminar-Flow Microfluidic Device for Quantitative Analysis of Microbial Electrochemical Activity","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(01)76003-1","article-title":"Theoretical Analysis of Molecular Diffusion in Pressure-Driven Laminar Flow in Microfluidic Channels","volume":"80","author":"Kamholz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00990-X","article-title":"Molecular Diffusive Scaling Laws in Pressure-Driven Microuidic Channels: Deviation from One-Dimensional Einstein Approximations","volume":"82","author":"Kamholz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2007.07.014","article-title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Software Tools for Microfluidic Applications\u2014A Case Study","volume":"37","author":"Glatzel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2021.07.045","article-title":"Effects of Capillary Number and Flow Rates on the Hydrodynamics of Droplet Generation in Two-Phase Cross-Flow Microfluidic Systems: Hydrodynamics of Droplet Generation in Two-Phase Cross-Flow Microfluidic Systems","volume":"129","author":"Venkateshwarlu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.05.035","article-title":"Design and Simulation of Passive Mixing in Microfluidic Systems with Geometric Variations","volume":"152","author":"Jeon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b05365","article-title":"Temperature-Controlled Microfluidic System Incorporating Polymer Tubes","volume":"91","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.11.007","article-title":"Characterization of Liquid Flows in Microfluidic Systems","volume":"49","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.11.353","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Numerical Schemes for Convection-Diffusion Equation","volume":"Volume 127","author":"Aswin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Procedia Engineering"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52215-3.00008-8","article-title":"Heat Transfer and Finite-Difference Methods","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-011-0890-6","article-title":"Microfluidic Systems for the Analysis of Viscoelastic Fluid Flow Phenomena in Porous Media","volume":"12","author":"Pinho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluidics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.01.066","article-title":"Numerical Investigation on Layout Optimization of Obstacles in a Three-Dimensional Passive Micromixer","volume":"964","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6527","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2586583","article-title":"Numerical Research on Shape Optimization of Microchannels of Passive Micromixers","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2020.07.008","article-title":"Mixing Enhancement through a Micromixer Using Topology Optimization","volume":"161","author":"Dehghani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"IEEE Malaysia Section, Electron Devices Chapter, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (2012, January 19\u201321). Annual Report 2012. Proceedings of the ICSE 2012: 2012 10th IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075224","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0056597","article-title":"Design and Validation of Microfluidic Parameters of a Microfluidic Chip Using Fluid Dynamics","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2019.02.011","article-title":"A Passive Two-Way Microfluidic Device for Low Volume Blood-Plasma Separation","volume":"209","author":"Spigarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122690","article-title":"Analysis of Thermophoresis for Separation of Polystyrene Microparticles in Microfluidic Devices","volume":"189","author":"Sanjuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, S., Seo, J.H., Garud, K.S., Park, S.W., and Lee, M.Y. (2021). Numerical Approach-Based Simulation to Predict Cerebrovascular Shear Stress in a Blood-Brain Barrier Organ-on-a-Chip. Biosens. Bioelectron., 183.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113197"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2019.115155","article-title":"Numerical Investigation of Drug Transport from Blood Vessels to Tumour Tissue Using a Tumour-Vasculature-on-a-Chip","volume":"208","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1515\/ijnsns-2015-0056","article-title":"Particle-Based Monte-Carlo Simulations of Steady-State Mass Transport at Intermediate P\u00e9clet Numbers","volume":"17","author":"Arosio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1039\/b211091a","article-title":"Design and Simulation of the Micromixer with Chaotic Advection in Twisted Microchannels","volume":"3","author":"Jen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"082004","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0057584","article-title":"Generalized Taylor Dispersion for Translationally Invariant Microfluidic Systems","volume":"33","author":"Alexandre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2005.06.024","article-title":"Mass Transport and Surface Reactions in Microfluidic Systems","volume":"61","author":"Gervais","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC01022J","article-title":"Computational Inertial Microfluidics: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Mashhadian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrowski, Z., Melka, B., Adamczyk, W., Rojczyk, M., Golda, A., and Nowak, A.J. (2016). CFD Analysis of Multiphase Blood Flow within Aorta and Its Thoracic Branches of Patient with Coarctation of Aorta Using Multiphase Euler\u2014Euler Approach. Proceedings of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Institute of Physics Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/745\/3\/032112"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2018.07.034","article-title":"Finite Element Simulation of Antigen-Antibody Transport and Adsorption in a Microfluidic Chip","volume":"104","author":"Hajji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. E Low Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2012.10.014","article-title":"Fickian Diffusion of Radionuclides for Engineered Containment Barriers: Diffusion Coefficients, Porosities, And Complicating Issues","volume":"152","author":"Shackelford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12053263","article-title":"Microfluidic Mixing: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/mi1030082","article-title":"A Review on Mixing in Microfluidics","volume":"1","author":"Suh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00483B","article-title":"Optimized Design of Obstacle Sequences for Microfluidic Mixing in an Inertial Regime","volume":"21","author":"Antognoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4012","DOI":"10.1039\/c1lc20606k","article-title":"Microfluidic Device Based on a Micro-Hydrocyclone for Particle-Liquid Separation","volume":"11","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143504","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2996564","article-title":"Effect of Laminar Velocity Profile Variation on Mixing in Microfluidic Devices: The Sigma Micromixer","volume":"93","author":"Tafti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1904032","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201904032","article-title":"Pulsatile Flow in Microfluidic Systems","volume":"16","author":"Dincau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020WR028401","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR028401","article-title":"Groundwater Flow and Moisture Dynamics in the Swash Zone: Effects of Heterogeneous Hydraulic Conductivity and Capillarity","volume":"56","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807173","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201807173","article-title":"A Tumor-on-a-Chip System with Bioprinted Blood and Lymphatic Vessel Pair","volume":"29","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2021.101710","article-title":"Simulation and Modeling of Physiological Processes of Vital Organs in Organ-on-a-Chip Biosystem","volume":"34","author":"Seidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin Arefi, S.M., Tony Yang, C.W., Sin, D.D., and Feng, J.J. (2020). Simulation of Nanoparticle Transport and Adsorption in a Microfluidic Lung-on-a-Chip Device. Biomicrofluidics, 14.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0011353"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7098","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b00873","article-title":"Microfluidic Platform for Studying Chemotaxis of Adhesive Cells Revealed a Gradient-Dependent Migration and Acceleration of Cancer Stem Cells","volume":"87","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"3","article-title":"Brain-on-a-Chip: Design and Modeling","volume":"25","author":"Drapaca","year":"2018","journal-title":"DCDIS Ser. B Appl. Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC01161H","article-title":"Exploration and Application of a Liver-on-a-Chip Device in Combination with Modelling and Simulation for Quantitative Drug Metabolism Studies","volume":"22","author":"Docci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004258","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202004258","article-title":"A Heart-Breast Cancer-on-a-Chip Platform for Disease Modeling and Monitoring of Cardiotoxicity Induced by Cancer Chemotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-021-01426-8","article-title":"A Numerical Study on Tumor-on-Chip Performance and Its Optimization for Nanodrug-Based Combination Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Hajari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00596F","article-title":"Tumor-on-a-Chip Platform to Investigate Progression and Drug Sensitivity in Cell Lines and Patient-Derived Organoids","volume":"18","author":"Shirure","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisapia, F., Balachandran, W., and Rasekh, M. (2022). Organ-on-a-Chip: Design and Simulation of Various Microfluidic Channel Geometries for the Influence of Fluid Dynamic Parameters. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12083829"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124111","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.56.12.124111","article-title":"Geometrical Effect Characterization of Femtosecond-Laser Manufactured Glass Microfluidic Chips Based on Optical Manipulation of Submicroparticles","volume":"56","author":"Kotsifaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1039\/a902237f","article-title":"Microstructure for Efficient Continuous Flow Mixing","volume":"36","author":"Bessoth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Commun."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1021\/ac010895d","article-title":"Rapid Microfluidic Mixing","volume":"74","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4664","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1630378","article-title":"Experimental Test of Scaling of Mixing by Chaotic Advection in Droplets Moving through Microfluidic Channels","volume":"83","author":"Song","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016304","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.76.016304","article-title":"Enhanced Mixing in Laminar Flows Using Ultrahydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"76","author":"Ou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1812011","article-title":"Laminar Drag Reduction in Microchannels Using Ultrahydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"16","author":"Ou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2002.802899","article-title":"A Magnetic Microstirrer and Array for Microfluidic Mixing","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.034502","article-title":"Microfluidic Mixing via Acoustically Driven Chaotic Advection","volume":"100","author":"Frommelt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1039\/B302569A","article-title":"Enhancement of Microfluidic Mixing Using Time Pulsing","volume":"3","author":"Glasgow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4432","DOI":"10.1021\/ja017625x","article-title":"A Microfluidic Device with a Linear Temperature Gradient for Parallel and Combinatorial Measurements","volume":"124","author":"Mao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L., and Chung, C.K. (2021). PDMS Microfabrication and Design for Microfluidics and Sustainable Energy Application: Review. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12111350"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pungjunun, K., Yakoh, A., Chaiyo, S., Praphairaksit, N., Siangproh, W., Kalcher, K., and Chailapakul, O. (2021). Laser engraved microapillary pump paper-based microfluidic device for colorimetric and electrochemical detection of salivary thiocyanate. Microchim. Acta, 188.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-04793-2"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, E., Huang, D., Wang, Y., Cai, D., Luo, Y., Zhong, Z., and Liu, D. (2022). Active droplet-array microfluidics-based chemiluminescence immunoassay for point-of-care detection of procalcitonin. Biosens. Bioelectron., 195.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113684"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boonkaew, S., Szot-Karpi\u0144ska, K., Niedzi\u00f3\u0142ka-J\u00f6nsson, J., Pa\u0142ys, B., and J\u00f6nsson-Niedzi\u00f3\u0142k, M. (2023). Point-of-care testing for C-reactive protein in a sequential microfluidic device. Sens. Actuators B Chem., 397.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134659"}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/15\/7\/873\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:08:26Z","timestamp":1760108906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/15\/7\/873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["mi15070873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi15070873","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]}}}