{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T18:07:48Z","timestamp":1778177268136,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Union","award":["764977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764977"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micro"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface modification of the Ti6Al4V alloy (ASTM grade 5), with the fabrication of vertically oriented TiO2 nanotubes, has been receiving increasing attention both as a way to provide advanced bioactive features and the ability to act as reservoirs for a localized, controlled drug release. In this work, TiO2 nanotubes were grown on the surface of a Ti6Al4V alloy through electrochemical anodization. An ethylene glycol-based electrolyte containing 0.5 wt.% NH4F and 2.5% (v\/v) H2O was used. Post-anodizing heat treatments at 500 \u00b0C in air atmosphere were performed to achieve a crystalline oxide layer with a higher mechanical stability. Following these treatments, Zn or Cu nanoparticles were incorporated into the nanotubular structures through electrodeposition processes. Then, the antimicrobial performance of the obtained surfaces was assessed against Staphylococcus epidermidis, a Gram-positive bacterium common in implant-related infections. Lastly, the cytotoxicity of the produced surface was evaluated against MC3T3-E1 mouse pre-osteoblast cells. In general, Cu-doped TiO2 nanotubes presented an almost total antimicrobial action, while Zn doped samples had a lower, but still significant antibacterial effect. However, a highly cytotoxic effect against MC3T3-E1 cells was observed on all anodized samples due to the release of vanadium from the alloy. In spite of this, the surface modification reported in this work can be a valid solution for existing commercially available orthopedic implants, considering that similar solutions were already studied in in vivo assays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/micro4010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T09:04:01Z","timestamp":1707469441000},"page":"97-116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Electrodeposition of Zn and Cu Nanoparticles into TiO2 Nanotubes on Ti6Al4V: Antimicrobial Effect against S. Epidermidis and Cytotoxicity Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2698-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LimaCorporate, Via Nazionale 52, 33038 San Danielle del Friuli, Italy"},{"name":"Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"IMDEA Materials Institute, C\/Eric Kandell 2, 28906 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Offoiach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB, National Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4064-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel R. G.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB, National Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Cristina L.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB, National Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5169-328X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"P\u00eago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB, National Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Salatin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LimaCorporate, Via Nazionale 52, 33038 San Danielle del Friuli, Italy"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Fedrizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lekka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Po. Miram\u00f3n 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0151","article-title":"Biomaterials in orthopaedics","volume":"5","author":"Navarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.10.001","article-title":"Metallic implant biomaterials","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004","article-title":"Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants\u2014A review","volume":"54","author":"Geetha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. 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