{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:33:19Z","timestamp":1760149999082,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/00772\/2020","LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00772\/2020","LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is classified as a quarantine pest due to its consequences on economically significant crops. Its main form of transmission in Europe is through the insect Philaenus spumarius. Due to climate change, the populations of insect vectors have become more extensive, resulting in the dissemination of the bacteria over longer periods, but the destruction of these insects raises issues due to their role in nature. Upon infection, Xf causes the occlusion of xylem vessels via bacterial aggregates and tylosis production by the plant as a response to infection. Although symptomatic manifestations of Xf are often linked to water stress, a variety of plant species have been found to carry the pathogen without symptoms, making it all too easy to evade detection when relying on visual inspections. Beyond water stress, other conditions (individual plant resistance\/tolerance, bacterial concentrations, transpiration rates, and interactions between subspecies) may be implicated in symptom development. A thorough understanding of how this disease develops, especially its capacity to spread from the initial focus and establish a systemic infection, is imperative. This review focuses on the Xf infection process, the development of symptoms, its spread within Portugal, and the actions that have been taken to counter it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres14040108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T11:58:57Z","timestamp":1696420737000},"page":"1568-1588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Xylella fastidiosa: A Glimpse of the Portuguese Situation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Talita","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Department of Agronomy, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Manuel","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Directorate for Agriculture and Fisheries of Northern Portugal, 5000-421 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2146-5627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de Lurdes Enes","family":"Dapkevicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IITAA\u2014Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITA-A), University of the Azores (UAc), 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Directorate of Food and Veterinary, 5000-421 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1261-7027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroART\u2014Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Department of Agronomy, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroART\u2014Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Xylella fastidiosa gen. nov., sp. nov: Gram-Negative, xylem-limited, fastidious plant bacteria related to Xanthomonas spp.","volume":"37","author":"Wells","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. 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