{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T02:39:39Z","timestamp":1775183979976,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RE-C05-i03 da Agenda de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o para a Sustentabilidade da Agricultura, Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e Agroind\u00fastria","award":["13\/C05-i03\/2021-PRR-C05-i03-I-000173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/C05-i03\/2021-PRR-C05-i03-I-000173"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is increasingly becoming a serious public health issue. There is scientific evidence linking the use of antibiotics in livestock production to the emergence and spread of resistance in bacteria that are important for human health. To assess the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., fecal and slurry wastewater samples were collected from various cattle and swine farms, mainly located in the northern and central regions of Portugal. Samples from each farm were pooled for microbiological processing to isolate Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., followed by specific antibiotic susceptibility testing for each species using the disk diffusion method. The results of these analyses indicated a significant issue with tetracycline resistance in E. coli and Enterococcus spp. Furthermore, a notably higher frequency in resistant strains was observed in the majority of slurry samples compared to those derived from swine feces. This observation led to the hypothesis that slurry may provide a comprehensive historical perspective for studying the antibiotic resistance patterns present on a farm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres16040083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T10:47:41Z","timestamp":1744282061000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance in Swine and Cattle Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6148-7129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna F.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Production Department, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara A. M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Production Department, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1248-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Production Department, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2394-8118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. M.","family":"Lopes-Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Society of Swine Production, SCS, Rua Tavares Belo, 2A, 1750-279 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Niza-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Production Department, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit ITR, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Population Studies, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, ISPUP, University of Porto, 4050-091 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7814-3659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana C.","family":"Prata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Production Department, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, CESPU, Avenida Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), Avenida Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6115-8811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Martins da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Production Department, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2024, March 27). Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Henriques, I., Freitas, H., Costa, J., Silva, V., Poeta, P., and Pereira, J. (2023). One Health: Um Planeta, Uma Sa\u00fade, Uma \u00c9tica, CNECV. Avenida D. Carlos I, n\u00b0 134-5\u00b0 andar 1200-651."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Comiss\u00e3o Europeia (2005). Ban on Antibiotics as Growth Promoters in Animal Feed Enters into Effect, European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/ip_05_1687."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Stockton, B., and Davies, M. (2025, January 13). Antibiotic Use Plummets on US Farms After Ban on Using Drugs to Make Livestock Grow Faster. TBIJ. 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