{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T17:05:36Z","timestamp":1769274336048,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portugal)","award":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portugal)","award":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portugal)","award":["CEECIND\/02598\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02598\/2017"]}]},{"name":"\u201cRegional Initiative of Excellence\u201d in 2019\u20132022","award":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"]}]},{"name":"\u201cRegional Initiative of Excellence\u201d in 2019\u20132022","award":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"name":"\u201cRegional Initiative of Excellence\u201d in 2019\u20132022","award":["CEECIND\/02598\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02598\/2017"]}]},{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, \u00c9vora University","award":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151431\/2021"]}]},{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, \u00c9vora University","award":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, \u00c9vora University","award":["CEECIND\/02598\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02598\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Assuring a proper environment for the fulfillment of professional activities is one of the Sustainable Development Goals and is contemplated in the One Health approach assumed by the World Health Organization. This particular study is applied to an often neglected sector of our society\u2014the conservators\/restorers\u2014despite the many health issues reported by these professionals. Three different specialties (textiles, paintings and wood sculpture) and locations were selected for evaluation by placement of electrostatic dust cloths. After treatment of the samples, bacterial and fungal contamination were assessed, as well as mycotoxin determination, the presence of azole-resistant strains and cytotoxicity of the microorganisms encountered. Bacteria were only present in one of medias used and showed relatively low numbers. The highest level of contamination by fungi was identified in one of the textiles settings. The textile area also showed the highest variability for fungi. Aspergillus sp. are one indicator of possible environmental issues, and A. sections Fumigati and Circumdati were particularly relevant in two of the settings and identified in all of them. No mycotoxins were detected and the large majority of the fungi identified were non-cytotoxic. Overall, these can be considered low-contaminated environments but attention should be given to the Aspergillus sp. contamination. Additional studies are needed not only to make these results more robust, but also to test if the environmental sampling alone is the best approach in a setting where there is very little movement and dust displacement and where professionals are in very close proximity to the artefacts being treated, which may suggest the existence of a micro-atmosphere worth evaluating and comparing to the obtained results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T22:33:11Z","timestamp":1659997991000},"page":"1595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Unveiling the Occupational Exposure to Microbial Contamination in Conservation\u2013Restoration Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1545-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5990-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-6072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-9318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4165-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Carolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Twaru\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7338-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kosicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7122-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Soszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1496-2609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana Aranha","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Politgy Research Center, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.uLisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7194-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory\u2014Cultural Heritage Protection Studies, University of Evora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, 8, 7000-809 Evora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2010.03.003","article-title":"Fungi: Their role in deterioration of cultural heritage","volume":"24","author":"Sterflinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2019.1690420","article-title":"Fungi in archives, libraries, and museums: A review on paper conservation and human health","volume":"45","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(1989). Directive 89\/391\/EEC, on the Introduction of Measures to Encourage Improvements in the Safety and Health of Workers at Work. Off. J. Eur. Commun., Available online: https:\/\/osha.europa.eu\/pt\/legislation\/directives\/the-osh-framework-directive\/1."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"19","article-title":"Airborne fungi in industrial environments\u2014Potential agents of respiratory diseases","volume":"11","author":"Lugauskas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.025973","article-title":"Indoor exposures and respiratory symptoms in a Norwegian community sample","volume":"60","author":"Skorge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-007-0228-6","article-title":"Effects of bioaerosol exposure on work-related symptoms among Swiss sawmill workers","volume":"81","author":"Rusca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2008.07.004","article-title":"Domestic waste composting facilities: A review of human health risks","volume":"35","author":"Domingo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X04046948","article-title":"Electronic Nose for the Early Detection of Moulds in Libraries and Archives","volume":"13","author":"Pinzari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indoor Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-016-0114-1","article-title":"Smell of heritage: A framework for the identification, analysis and archival of historic odours","volume":"5","author":"Bembibre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heritage Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"71","article-title":"Microbiological contamination with moulds in workenvironment in libraries and archive storage facilities","volume":"15","author":"Kozajda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqq170","article-title":"Upper Respiratory Impairment in Restorers of Cultural Heritage","volume":"61","author":"Varnai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2012.00781.x","article-title":"Microbiological evaluation of ten French archives and link to occupational symptoms","volume":"22","author":"Roussel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2009.03.010","article-title":"Fungal diversity in ancient documents. A case study on the Archive of the University of Coimbra","volume":"63","author":"Mesquita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.007","article-title":"Airborne and dust borne microorganisms in selected Polish libraries and archives","volume":"46","author":"Strzelczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"153","article-title":"Harmful biological agents at museum workposts","volume":"63","author":"Zduniak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Pracy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2012.08.005","article-title":"Monitoring the effects of different conservation treatments on paper-infecting fungi","volume":"84","author":"Michaelsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snelders, E., Camps, S.M.T., Karawajczyk, A., Schaftenaar, G., Kema, G.H., Van Der Lee, H.A., Klaassen, C.H., Melchers, W.J.G., and Verweij, P.E. (2012). Triazole Fungicides Can Induce Cross-Resistance to Medical Triazoles in Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031801"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ885","article-title":"Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Can We Retain the Clinical Use of Mold-Active Antifungal Azoles?","volume":"62","author":"Verweij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2507.181625","article-title":"Environmental Hotspots for Azole Resistance Selection of Aspergillus fumigatus, the Netherlands","volume":"25","author":"Schoustra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003","article-title":"Mycotoxins","volume":"16","author":"Bennett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.047","article-title":"Mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment","volume":"60","author":"Marin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"IARC. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2022, June 02). Improving Public Health through Mycotoxin Control. Available online: https:\/\/publications.iarc.fr\/Book-And-Report-Series\/Iarc-Scientific-Publications\/Improving-Public-Health-Through-Mycotoxin-Control-2012."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2018.1447691","article-title":"Climate change and the health impact of aflatoxins exposure in Portugal\u2014an overview","volume":"35","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9122543","article-title":"Species-specific Fungal DNA in Airborne Dust as Surrogate for Occupational Mycotoxin Exposure?","volume":"9","author":"Halstensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, S., and Martins, C. (2020). The Usefulness of Human Biomonitoring in the Case of Mycotoxins Exposure Assessment. Reference Module in Life Sciences, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.21035-2"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111125","article-title":"Bioburden contamination and Staphylococcus aureus colonization associated with firefighter's ambulances","volume":"197","author":"Viegas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.108862","article-title":"Microbial contamination in firefighter Headquarters\u2019: A neglected occupational exposure scenario","volume":"213","author":"Viegas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, C., Gomes, B., Dias, M., Carolino, E., and Aranha Caetano, L. (2021). Aspergillus Section Fumigati in Firefighter Headquarters. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102112"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Hoog, D., Guarro, J., Gene, G., and Figueras, M. (2016). Atlas of Clinical Fungi\u2014The Ultimate Benchtool for Diagnosis, Utr. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. Version 4.1.4."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12148","article-title":"EUCAST technical note on anidulafungin","volume":"19","author":"Arendrup","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2022, February 02). Routine and Extended Internal Quality Control for MIC Determination and Agar Dilution for Yeasts, Moulds and Dermatophytes as Recommended by EUCAST. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2020.1810210","article-title":"Algorithm to assess the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus resistant strains: The case of Norwegian sawmills","volume":"32","author":"Viegas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01138479","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of mycotoxins evaluated by the MTT-cell culture assay","volume":"128","author":"Hanelt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"S108","article-title":"Principais Riscos e Fatores de Risco Ocupacionais dos Conservadores- Restauradores de Obras de Arte, bem como Doen\u00e7as Profissionais associadas e medidas de Prote\u00e7\u00e3o recomendadas","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Sa\u00fade Ocup. Online"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"S59","article-title":"A. Danos Ocupacionais associados ao C\u00e1dmio, com \u00eanfase no setor da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro de Obras de Arte","volume":"9","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Sa\u00fade Ocup. Online"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4716","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage4040260","article-title":"Heritage Keepers: The Perils in Textile Conservation","volume":"4","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"73","article-title":"Archives Conservators Discussion Group 2005: Hazardous holdings","volume":"24","author":"Blaser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Book Pap. Group Annu."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"167","article-title":"Occupational health hazards of artists","volume":"15","author":"Schachter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croatica."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, C., Twaru\u017cek, M., Dias, M., Carolino, E., Soszczy\u0144ska, E., and Caetano, L.A. (2022). Cytotoxicity of Aspergillus Section Fumigati Isolates Recovered from Protection Devices Used on Waste Sorting Industry. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020070"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115086","article-title":"Microbial contamination in waste collection: Unveiling this Portuguese occupational exposure scenario","volume":"314","author":"Viegas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.1.219-226.1993","article-title":"Monitoring airborne fungal spores in an experimental indoor environment to evaluate sampling methods and the effects of human activity on air sampling","volume":"59","author":"Buttner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1021\/es802296j","article-title":"The Effects of Human Activities on Exposure to Particulate Matter and Bioaerosols in Residential Homes","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2016.11.008","article-title":"Effects of human activities on concentrations of culturable bioaerosols in indoor air environments","volume":"104","author":"Heo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.28","article-title":"Dispersal in microbes: Fungi in indoor air are dominated by outdoor air and show dispersal limitation at short distances","volume":"7","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2014.09.020","article-title":"Fungal contamination of textile objects preserved in Slovene museums and religious institutions","volume":"97","author":"Kavkler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"AIHA (1996). American Industrial Hygiene Association. Field Guide for the Determination of Biological Contaminants in Environmental Samples, Fairfax."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-018-0650-9","article-title":"Electrostatic dust collector: A passive screening method to assess occupational exposure to organic dust in primary health care centers","volume":"12","author":"Viegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517516669076","article-title":"Historical textiles\u2014A review of microbial deterioration analysis and disinfection methods","volume":"87","author":"Gutarowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Canadian Conservation Institute (2022, July 24). CCI Notes 13\/1: Textiles and the Environment. Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/conservation-institute\/services\/conservation-preservation-publications\/canadian-conservation-institute-notes\/textiles-environment.html."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, P., Melo, A., Dias, M., Almeida, B., Caetano, L.A., Ver\u00edssimo, C., Viegas, C., and Sabino, R. (2021). Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus Harboring the TR34\/L98H Mutation: First Report in Portugal in Environmental Samples. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010057"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.10.004","article-title":"French recommendations on control measures to reduce the infectious risk in immunocompromised patients","volume":"27","author":"Zahar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap7999","article-title":"Worldwide emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs challenges human health and food security","volume":"360","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2020.10.003","article-title":"The one health problem of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Current insights and future research agenda","volume":"34","author":"Verweij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.03.032","article-title":"Filters from taxis air conditioning system: A tool to characterize driver's occupational exposure to bioburden?","volume":"164","author":"Viegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxy070","article-title":"Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins: Current Knowledge and Prospects","volume":"62","author":"Viegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Work. Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2009.12.4289","article-title":"Assessment of Cell Line Models of Primary Human Cells by Raman Spectral Phenotyping","volume":"98","author":"Swain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-14-55","article-title":"Primary porcine proximal tubular cells as an alternative to human primary renal cells in vitro: An initial characterization","volume":"14","author":"Heussner","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106603","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of filtering respiratory protective devices from the waste sorting industry: A comparative study between interior layer and exhalation valve","volume":"155","author":"Viegas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/8\/1595\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:05:36Z","timestamp":1760141136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/8\/1595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10081595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10081595","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]}}}