{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:15:37Z","timestamp":1760238937162,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptothrix are long bacteria of rare occurrence; although these bacteria have been implicated in causing vaginal symptoms identical to candidiasis, studies on prevalence and effect on overall vaginal health are lacking. In this study, we evaluated data of women referred to a private clinic for treating vulvovaginal symptoms (n = 1847) and reassessed data of our previous and ongoing studies (n = 1773). The overall rate of leptothrix was 2.8% (102\/3620), and the mean age of affected women was 38.8 \u00b1 10.65 years (range 18\u221276). The majority of the women with leptothrix had normal vaginal flora (63.7% [65\/102]). Leptothrix was associated with a higher risk of candidiasis (relative risk (RR) 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1600\u20133.1013; p = 0.010) and a lower risk of bacterial vaginosis (RR 0.55, 95% CI, 0.3221\u20130.9398; p = 0.029) and cytolytic vaginosis (RR 0.11, 95% CI, 0.0294\u20130.4643; p = 0.002). No cases of trichomoniasis were observed. Human immunodeficiency virus infection increased the risk of leptothrix (RR 3.0, 95% CI, 1.6335\u20135.7245; p = 0.000). Among the women evaluated for vulvovaginal symptoms, 2.4% (45\/1847) had leptothrix, and in 26.7% (12\/45), leptothrix was considered the causative entity. This study suggests that leptothrix occurrence is rare; it remains unresolved if it can be a cause of vulvar symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T20:58:08Z","timestamp":1660597088000},"page":"1645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vaginal Leptothrix: An Innocent Bystander?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5335-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Vieira-Baptista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Lus\u00edadas Porto, 4050-115 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Lower Genital Tract Unit, Centro Hospitalar de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Lima-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Lus\u00edadas Porto, 4050-115 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Lower Genital Tract Unit, Centro Hospitalar de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1573-3114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Preti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0708-6874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unilabs, 4150-178 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Caiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Lus\u00edadas Porto, 4050-115 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0074-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen K.","family":"Stockdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Iowa Healthcare, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1932-5270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galilee Medical Center, and Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70298-5","article-title":"Vaginal lactobacillosis","volume":"170","author":"Horowitz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. 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