{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T06:56:47Z","timestamp":1773730607487,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology (FCT)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Infection in dogs can result in a disease with non-specific clinical signs or in a subclinical condition. Infection diagnosis is crucial to guide public health measures considering the zoonotic potential of L. infantum. Serological approaches to detect infection with a reduced antigen panel potentially limit the quality of the information obtained. To evaluate the impact of using distinct antigens in a serological survey, a cohort with 390 dogs from endemic regions in Portugal was subjected to a serological evaluation using ELISA and DAT. Using ELISA, six Leishmania-specific antigens in conjunction with a non-related antigen, Escherichia coli soluble antigens, were evaluated. The global seroprevalence was 10.5% for DAT and 15.4 to 23.1% for ELISA, depending on the antigen for the latter. Still, only 8.2% of the animals were seropositive to all Leishmania-specific antigens. Importantly, a further 31.0% presented antigen-dependent seropositivity. Considering this observation, a serological score system was proposed and validated to address the complex serology results. With this system, the overall dog seropositivity was 26.9%. This work highlights the limitations of single-antigen serological surveys and presents an approach that might contribute to the establishment of CanL-specific serological profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10102018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T22:45:29Z","timestamp":1665614729000},"page":"2018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Use of Antigen Combinations to Address Complex Leishmania-Seropositivity Patterns in Dogs Living in Canine Leishmaniosis Endemic Regions of Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Carla Silva","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6299-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Brancal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Veterin\u00e1ria da Covilh\u00e3, 6200-293 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2490-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3422-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Escola de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancia Animal e Veterin\u00e1ria (CECAV), UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para Ci\u00eancia Animal e Veterin\u00e1ria (AL4AnimalS), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Santar\u00e9m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2392-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Cordeiro-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de 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