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Still, their role in the response of phytoplankton to rising CO2 concentrations is poorly understood. Here, we show that the response of the cosmopolitan Emiliania huxleyi (E. huxleyi) to increasing CO2 is affected by the coexistence with bacteria. Specifically, decreased growth rate of E. huxleyi at enhanced CO2 concentrations was amplified in the bloom phase (potentially also related to nutrient concentrations) and with the coexistence with Idiomarina abyssalis (I. abyssalis) and Brachybacterium sp. In addition, enhanced CO2 concentrations also affected E. huxleyi\u2019s cellular content estimates, increasing organic and decreasing inorganic carbon, in the presence of I. abyssalis, but not Brachybacterium sp. At the same time, the bacterial isolates only survived in coexistence with E. huxleyi, but exclusively I. abyssalis at present CO2 concentrations. Bacterial species or group-specific responses to the projected CO2 rise, together with the concomitant effect on E. huxleyi, might impact the balance between the microbial loop and the export of organic matter, with consequences for atmospheric carbon dioxide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T02:22:41Z","timestamp":1670984561000},"page":"2461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emiliania huxleyi\u2014Bacteria Interactions under Increasing CO2 Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0879-2298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Barcelos e Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Climate, Meteorology and Global Change, IITAA, University of the Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o d\u2019\u00c1vila, S\u00e3o Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5182-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana Chaves","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Climate, Meteorology and Global Change, IITAA, University of the Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o d\u2019\u00c1vila, S\u00e3o Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Kai George","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7638-8628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Jos\u00e9 Riso Da Costa","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4223-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9118-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1934-0091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Newton Carlos Marcial","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Brownlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK"}]},{"given":"Uta","family":"Passow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Science, Faculty of Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Brito","family":"de Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Climate, Meteorology and Global Change, IITAA, University of the Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o d\u2019\u00c1vila, S\u00e3o Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.694","article-title":"Microbial Control of Oceanic Carbon Flux: The Plot Thickens","volume":"280","author":"Azam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153213","article-title":"The Microbial Engines That Drive Earth\u2019s Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"320","author":"Falkowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02952-10","article-title":"Differing Growth Responses of Major Phylogenetic Groups of Marine Bacteria to Natural Phytoplankton Blooms in the Western North Pacific Ocean","volume":"77","author":"Tada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. 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