{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:54:07Z","timestamp":1773161647666,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudo da Doen\u00e7a Inflamat\u00f3ria Intestinal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathobionts, particularly Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and Escherichia coli isolates with adherence\/invasive ability (AIEC) have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly Crohn\u2019s disease (CD). This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of viable MAP and AIEC in a cohort of IBD patients. As such, MAP and E. coli cultures were established from faecal and blood samples (with a total n = 62 for each) of patients with CD (n = 18), ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 15), or liver cirrhosis (n = 7), as well as from healthy controls (HC, n = 22). Presumptive positive cultures were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for a positive confirmation of MAP or E. coli identity. E. coli-confirmed isolates were then tested for AIEC identity using adherence and invasion assays in the epithelial cell line of Caco-2 and survival and replication assays in the macrophage cell line of J774. MAP sub-culture and genome sequencing were also performed. MAP was more frequently cultured from the blood and faecal samples of patients with CD and cirrhosis. E. coli presumptive colonies were isolated from the faecal samples of most individuals, in contrast to what was registered for the blood samples. Additionally, from the confirmed E. coli isolates, only three had an AIEC-like phenotype (i.e., one CD patient and two UC patients). This study confirmed the association between MAP and CD; however, it did not find a strong association between the presence of AIEC and CD. It may be hypothesized that the presence of viable MAP in the bloodstream of CD patients contributes to disease reactivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T01:34:32Z","timestamp":1686188072000},"page":"1520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Colonizes Peripheral Blood of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7171-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Estevinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho Hospital Center, 4434-502 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5117-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Cabeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR, CIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mafalda","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-6504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7276-4435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Duro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV@REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Pita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Entre Douro e Vouga Hospital Center, 4520-211 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8082-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim J.","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University of London, London SW17 ORE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2634-9668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Magro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5137-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sila, S., Jeli\u0107, M., Trivi\u0107, I., Tambi\u0107 Andra\u0161evi\u0107, A., Kola\u010dek, S., and Hojsak, I. 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