{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T23:21:32Z","timestamp":1770420092644,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda\u2014CONACYT","award":["14-INV-301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-INV-301"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda\u2014CONACYT","award":["ANID\/FONDECYT\/1221024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/FONDECYT\/1221024"]}]},{"name":"ANID (Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Chile)","award":["14-INV-301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-INV-301"]}]},{"name":"ANID (Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Chile)","award":["ANID\/FONDECYT\/1221024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/FONDECYT\/1221024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zea mays var. amylacea and Zea mays var. indurata are maize ecotypes from Paraguay. Aspergillus section Flavi is the main spoilage fungus of maize under storage conditions. Due to its large intraspecific genetic variability, the accurate identification of this fungal taxonomic group is difficult. In the present study, potential mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from Z. mays var. indurata and Z. mays var. amylacea that are marketed in the metropolitan region of Asunci\u00f3n were identified by a polyphasic approach. Based on morphological characters, 211 isolates were confirmed to belong to Aspergillus section Flavi. A subset of 92 strains was identified as Aspergillus flavus by mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF and the strains were classified by MALDI-TOF MS into chemotypes based on their aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid production. According to the partial sequencing of ITS and CaM genes, a representative subset of 38 A. flavus strains was confirmed. Overall, 75 A. flavus strains (86%) were characterized as producers of aflatoxins. The co-occurrence of at least two mycotoxins (AF\/ZEA, FUM\/ZEA, and AF\/ZEA\/FUM) was detected for five of the Z. mays samples (63%). Considering the high mycological bioburden and mycotoxin contamination, maize marketed in the metropolitan region of Asunci\u00f3n constitutes a potential risk to food safety and public health and requires control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T01:03:25Z","timestamp":1690333405000},"page":"1879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Species Identification and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Aspergillus Section Flavi Isolated from Maize Marketed in the Metropolitan Region of Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5483-3612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Moura-Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5964-1003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinthia C.","family":"Cazal-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}]},{"given":"Cinthia","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2793-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}]},{"given":"Pastor","family":"P\u00e9rez-Estigarribia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad Polit\u00e9cnica, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Sudamericana, Pedro Juan Caballero 130112, Paraguay"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalia","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOREN-UFRO Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcio","family":"Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas-ICB, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Ot\u00e1vio Jord\u00e3o Ramos 3000, Bloco 01, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cledir","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Science and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Arrua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Paliwal, R.L., Granados, G., Lafitte, H.R., Violic, A.D., and Marath\u00e9e, J.P. (2001). 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