{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T10:59:24Z","timestamp":1778583564244,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/98446\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/98446\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/98446\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/98446\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/98446\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/98446\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Secondary metabolites (SMs) from environmental bacteria offer viable solutions for various health and environmental challenges. Researchers are employing advanced bioinformatic tools to investigate less-explored microorganisms and unearth novel bioactive compounds. In this research area, our understanding of SMs from environmental Gram-negative bacteria lags behind that of its Gram-positive counterparts. In this regard, Pedobacter spp. have recently gained attention, not only for their role as plant growth promoters but also for their potential in producing antimicrobials. This study focuses on the genomic analysis of Pedobacter spp. to unveil the diversity of the SMs encoded in their genomes. Among the 41 genomes analyzed, a total of 233 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were identified, revealing the potential for the production of diverse SMs, including RiPPs (27%), terpenes (22%), hybrid SMs (17%), PKs (12%), NRPs (9%) and siderophores (6%). Overall, BGC distribution did not correlate with phylogenetic lineage and most of the BGCs showed no significant hits in the MIBiG database, emphasizing the uniqueness of the compounds that Pedobacter spp. can produce. Of all the species examined, P. cryoconitis and P.\u00a0lusitanus stood out for having the highest number and diversity of BGCs. Focusing on their applicability and ecological functions, we investigated in greater detail the BGCs responsible for siderophore and terpenoid production in these species and their relatives. Our findings suggest that P. cryoconitis and P.\u00a0lusitanus have the potential to produce novel mixtures of siderophores, involving bifunctional IucAC\/AcD NIS synthetases, as well as carotenoids and squalene. This study highlights the biotechnological potential of Pedobacter spp. in medicine, agriculture and other industries, emphasizing the need for a continued exploration of its SMs and their applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T05:48:13Z","timestamp":1695966493000},"page":"2445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Pangenome of Gram-Negative Environmental Bacteria Hides a Promising Biotechnological Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7304-6278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Covas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0757-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5057-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Mendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9157-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia S.","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01055","article-title":"Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs from 1981 to 2014","volume":"79","author":"Newman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"264","article-title":"Microbial Natural Product Databases: Moving Forward in the Multi-Omics Era","volume":"38","author":"Kautsar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6634-9_2","article-title":"Mining Bacterial Genomes for Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters","volume":"Volume 1520","author":"Adamek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NP00025H","article-title":"The Evolution of Genome Mining in Microbes-a Review","volume":"33","author":"Ziemert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, J.V., Yilma, M.A., Feliz, A., Majid, M.T., Maffetone, N., Walker, J.R., Kim, E., Cho, H.J., Reynolds, J.M., and Song, M.C. (2019). A Review of the Microbial Production of Bioactive Natural Products and Biologics. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01404"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shavandi, A., and Jalalvandi, E. (2019). Biofabrication of Bacterial Constructs: New Three-Dimensional Biomaterials. Bioengineering, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering6020044"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-019-0215-0","article-title":"Eminence of Microbial Products in Cosmetic Industry","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-020-0176-1","article-title":"Bacteria as Genetically Programmable Producers of Bioactive Natural Products","volume":"4","author":"Hug","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oren, A., and Garrity, G.M. (2021). Valid Publication of the Names of Forty-Two Phyla of Prokaryotes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 71.","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005056"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-48-1-165","article-title":"Classification of Heparinolytic Bacteria into a New Genus, Pedobacter, Comprising Four Species: Pedobacter heparinus Comb. Nov., Pedobacter piscium Comb. Nov., Pedobacter africanus sp. Nov. and Pedobacter saltans sp. Nov. Proposal of the Family Sphingobac","volume":"48","author":"Steyn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.06.047","article-title":"Environmental Superbugs: The Case Study of Pedobacter spp.","volume":"241","author":"Viana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjerketorp, J., Levenfors, J.J., Nord, C., Guss, B., \u00d6berg, B., and Broberg, A. (2021). Selective Isolation of Multidrug-Resistant Pedobacter spp., Producers of Novel Antibacterial Peptides. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.642829"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2013.121","article-title":"Screening and Biological Activities of Pedopeptins, Novel Inhibitors of LPS Produced by Soil Bacteria","volume":"67","author":"Kozuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2020.07.006","article-title":"Peptone from Casein, an Antagonist of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis: A Case Study of Pedopeptins Produced by Pedobacter Lusitanus NL19","volume":"60","author":"Covas","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.03.018","article-title":"Identification, Purification, and Expression Patterns of Chitinase from Psychrotolerant pedobacter sp. PR-M6 and Antifungal Activity in vitro","volume":"107","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.0c00568","article-title":"Isopedopeptins A\u2013H: Cationic Cyclic Lipodepsipeptides from Pedobacter Cryoconitis UP508 Targeting WHO Top-Priority Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria","volume":"15","author":"Nord","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","article-title":"Discovery, Research, and Development of New Antibiotics: The WHO Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Tacconelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caetano, T., van der Donk, W., and Mendo, S. (2020). Bacteroidetes Can Be a Rich Source of Novel Lanthipeptides: The Case Study of Pedobacter Lusitanus. Microbiol. Res., 235.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126441"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5457","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00591","article-title":"Mechanistic Understanding of Lanthipeptide Biosynthetic Enzymes","volume":"117","author":"Repka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104774","article-title":"Labyrinthopeptins as Virolytic Inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Cell Entry","volume":"177","author":"Blockus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4056\/sigs.2154937","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of the Gliding, Heparinolytic Pedobacter saltans Type Strain (113 T)","volume":"5","author":"Liolios","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stand. Genom. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15525","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M512055200","article-title":"Crystal Structure of Heparinase II from Pedobacter Heparinus and Its Complex with a Disaccharide Product","volume":"281","author":"Shaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lay, C.-Y., Bell, T.H., Hamel, C., Harker, K.N., Mohr, R., Greer, C.W., Yergeau, \u00c9., and St-Arnaud, M. (2018). Canola Root\u2013Associated Microbiomes in the Canadian Prairies. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01188"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"425","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium Pedobacter ginsengisoli T01R-27 Isolated from Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Rhizosphere","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9773","article-title":"Comparative Study of Plant Growth-promoting Bacteria on the Physiology, Growth and Fruit Quality of Strawberry","volume":"99","author":"Morais","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, C., Casa Vargas, J.M., Schlatter, D.C., Hagerty, C.H., Hulbert, S.H., and Paulitz, T.C. (2021). Rhizosphere Community Selection Reveals Bacteria Associated with Reduced Root Disease. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00997-5"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W81","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz310","article-title":"AntiSMASH 5.0: Updates to the Secondary Metabolite Genome Mining Pipeline","volume":"47","author":"Blin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.092759.109","article-title":"Circos: An Information Aesthetic for Comparative Genomics","volume":"9","author":"Krzywinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-Mu\u00f1oz, J.C., Selem-Mojica, N., Mullowney, M.W., Kautsar, S., Tryon, J.H., Parkinson, E.I., Santos, E.L.C.D.L., Yeong, M., Cruz-Morales, P., and Abubucker, S. (2018). A Computational Framework for Systematic Exploration of Biosynthetic Diversity from Large-Scale Genomic Data. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/445270"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W237","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv437","article-title":"AntiSMASH 3.0-A Comprehensive Resource for the Genome Mining of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters","volume":"43","author":"Weber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W566","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv468","article-title":"ClustVis: A Web Tool for Visualizing Clustering of Multivariate Data Using Principal Component Analysis and Heatmap","volume":"43","author":"Metsalu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"406","article-title":"The Neighbor-Joining Method: A New Method for Reconstructing Phylogenetic Trees","volume":"4","author":"Saitou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876","article-title":"The CLUSTAL X Windows Interface: Flexible Strategies for Multiple Sequence Alignment Aided by Quality Analysis Tools","volume":"25","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2018.1476449","article-title":"Ironing out Siderophore Biosynthesis: A Review of Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS)-Independent Siderophore Synthetases","volume":"53","author":"Carroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D8","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1095","article-title":"Database Resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information","volume":"46","author":"Agarwala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1100","article-title":"InterPro in 2019: Improving Coverage, Classification and Access to Protein Sequence Annotations","volume":"47","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D265","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz991","article-title":"CDD\/SPARCLE: The Conserved Domain Database in 2020","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr703","article-title":"Artemis: An Integrated Platform for Visualization and Analysis of High-Throughput Sequence-Based Experimental Data","volume":"28","author":"Carver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr039","article-title":"Easyfig: A Genome Comparison Visualizer","volume":"27","author":"Sullivan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W339","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr466","article-title":"AntiSMASH: Rapid Identification, Annotation and Analysis of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis Gene Clusters in Bacterial and Fungal Genome Sequences","volume":"39","author":"Medema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letzel, A.C., Pidot, S.J., and Hertweck, C. (2014). Genome Mining for Ribosomally Synthesized and Post-Translationally Modified Peptides (RiPPs) in Anaerobic Bacteria. BMC Genom., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-983"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory, K., Salvador, L.A., Akbar, S., Adaikpoh, B.I., and Cole Stevens, D. (2019). Survey of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters from Sequenced Myxobacteria Reveals Unexplored Biosynthetic Potential. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7060181"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becerril, A., \u00c1lvarez, S., Bra\u00f1a, A.F., Rico, S., D\u00edaz, M., Santamar\u00eda, R.I., Salas, J.A., and M\u00e9ndez, C. (2018). Uncovering Production of Specialized Metabolites by Streptomyces Argillaceus: Activation of Cryptic Biosynthesis Gene Clusters Using Nutritional and Genetic Approaches. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198145"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Undabarrena, A., Valencia, R., Cumsille, A., Zamora-Leiva, L., Castro-Nallar, E., Barona-Gomez, F., and C\u00e1mara, B. (2021). Rhodococcus Comparative Genomics Reveals a Phylogenomic-Dependent Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase Distribution: Insights into Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Connection to an Orphan Metabolite. Microb. Genom., 7.","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000621"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saati-Santamar\u00eda, Z., Selem-Mojica, N., Peral-Aranega, E., Rivas, R., and Garc\u00eda-Fraile, P. (2022). Unveiling the Genomic Potential of Pseudomonas Type Strains for Discovering New Natural Products. Microb. Genom., 8.","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000758"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6981","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15761","article-title":"An Atlas of Bacterial Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis Gene Clusters","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201500474","article-title":"Aryl Polyenes, a Highly Abundant Class of Bacterial Natural Products, Are Functionally Related to Antioxidative Carotenoids","volume":"17","author":"Gassel","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.034","article-title":"Insights into Secondary Metabolism from a Global Analysis of Prokaryotic Biosynthetic Gene Clusters","volume":"158","author":"Cimermancic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22559","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.746297","article-title":"Structures of a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Module Bound to MbtH-like Proteins Support a Highly Dynamic Domain Architecture","volume":"291","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-006-0121-0","article-title":"A Carotenoid Synthesis Gene Cluster from Algoriphagus sp. KK10202C with a Novel Fusion-Type Lycopene \u03b2-Cyclase Gene","volume":"276","author":"Tao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: A Software Environment for Integrated Models of Biomolecular Interaction Networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Resarch"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.0c00250","article-title":"The Siderophore Synthetase IucA of the Aerobactin Biosynthetic Pathway Uses an Ordered Mechanism","volume":"59","author":"Mydy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2018.02.002","article-title":"A Complete Structural Characterization of the Desferrioxamine E Biosynthetic Pathway from the Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia Amylovora","volume":"202","author":"Bartho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.08208.x","article-title":"Evolution of a Novel Lysine Decarboxylase in Siderophore Biosynthesis","volume":"86","author":"Burrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00808-15","article-title":"The Legionella Pneumophila Siderophore Legiobactin Is a Polycarboxylate That Is Identical in Structure to Rhizoferrin","volume":"83","author":"Burnside","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.4.1351-1363.2006","article-title":"LbtA and LbtB Are Required for Production of the Legionella Pneumophila Siderophore Legiobactin","volume":"188","author":"Allard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Scavino, A.F., and Pedraza, R.O. (2013). Bacteria in Agrobiology: Crop Productivity, Springer."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12878","article-title":"Ecological Selection of Siderophore-producing Microbial Taxa in Response to Heavy Metal Contamination","volume":"21","author":"Hesse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"521","article-title":"Microbial Siderophore as a Potent Biocontrol Agent for Plant Pathogens","volume":"2","author":"Prema","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3984","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4294-0","article-title":"Microbial Siderophores and Their Potential Applications: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Saha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gohil, N., Bhattacharjee, G., Khambhati, K., Braddick, D., and Singh, V. (2019). Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00050"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., Ma, X., and Wang, Y. (2016). Production of Squalene by Microbes: An Update. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 32.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-016-2155-8"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05162.x","article-title":"New Functional Assignment of the Carotenogenic Genes CrtB and CrtE with Constructs of These Genes from Erwinia Species","volume":"90","author":"Sandmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65166-0","article-title":"Pedobacter duraquae sp. Nov., Pedobacter westerhofensis sp. Nov., Pedobacter metabolipauper sp. Nov., Pedobacter hartonius sp. Nov. and Pedobacter steynii sp. Nov., Isolated from a Hard-Water Rivulet","volume":"57","author":"Muurholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02436-0","article-title":"Pedobacter cryoconitis sp. Nov., a Facultative Psychrophile from Alpine Glacier Cryoconite","volume":"53","author":"Margesin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001814","article-title":"Pedobacter lusitanus sp. Nov., Isolated from Sludge of a Deactivated Uranium Mine","volume":"67","author":"Covas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torregrosa-Crespo, J., Montero, Z., Fuentes, J.L., Garc\u00eda-Galbis, M.R., Garbayo, I., V\u00edlchez, C., and Mart\u00ednez-Espinosa, R.M. (2018). Exploring the Valuable Carotenoids for the Large-Scale Production by Marine Microorganisms. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16060203"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-020-00244-2","article-title":"Carotenoids: Potent to Prevent Diseases Review","volume":"10","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.12944\/CRNFSJ.4.Special-Issue1.04","article-title":"Carotenoids: From Plants to Food Industry","volume":"4","author":"Zakynthinos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/10\/2445\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:01:41Z","timestamp":1760130101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/10\/2445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11102445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11102445","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]}}}