{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T15:00:45Z","timestamp":1775746845210,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"UIDB\/00511\/2020","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"UIDB\/00511\/2020","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"UIDP\/00511\/2020 (LEPABE)","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"UIDP\/00511\/2020 (LEPABE)","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"LABELS\u2014Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"LABELS\u2014Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CEEC Individual","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CEEC Individual","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flagellum-mediated motility has been suggested to contribute to virulence by allowing bacteria to colonize and spread to new surfaces. In Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli species, mutants affected by their flagellar motility have shown a reduced ability to form biofilms. While it is known that some species might act as co-aggregation factors for bacterial adhesion, studies of food-related biofilms have been limited to single-species biofilms and short biofilm formation periods. To assess the contribution of flagella and flagellum-based motility to adhesion and biofilm formation, two Salmonella and E. coli mutants with different flagellar phenotypes were produced: the fliC mutants, which do not produce flagella, and the motAB mutants, which are non-motile. The ability of wild-type and mutant strains to form biofilms was compared, and their relative fitness was determined in two-species biofilms with other foodborne pathogens. Our results showed a defective and significant behavior of E. coli in initial surface colonization (p &lt; 0.05), which delayed single-species biofilm formation. Salmonella mutants were not affected by the ability to form biofilm (p &gt; 0.05). Regarding the effect of motility\/flagellum absence on bacterial fitness, none of the mutant strains seems to have their relative fitness affected in the presence of a competing species. Although the absence of motility may eventually delay initial colonization, this study suggests that motility is not essential for biofilm formation and does not have a strong impact on bacteria\u2019s fitness when a competing species is present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T04:17:40Z","timestamp":1705983460000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Role of Flagellum and Flagellum-Based Motility on Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2136-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Vilas Boas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3221-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9830-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8238-1083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franklin L.","family":"N\u00f3brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}]},{"given":"Charles W.","family":"Keevil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5864-3250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno F.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2013Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0175-1119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/002576-0","article-title":"Salmonella Typhimurium FlhE, a Conserved Flagellar Regulon Gene Required for Swarming","volume":"153","author":"Stafford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-017-0378-z","article-title":"Bacterial Flagellar Axial Structure and Its Construction","volume":"10","author":"Imada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biophys. 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