{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:29:45Z","timestamp":1760146185888,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020","LA-REAL\u2013LA\/P\/0117\/2020","A20-3521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020","LA-REAL\u2013LA\/P\/0117\/2020","A20-3521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014895","name":"University of California Malaria Initiative through an Open Philanthropy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020","LA-REAL\u2013LA\/P\/0117\/2020","A20-3521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020","LA-REAL\u2013LA\/P\/0117\/2020","A20-3521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global distribution of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, particularly in tropical regions, poses a significant public health risk due to their apparent ability to transmit arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV). This study aimed to evaluate the vector competence of Ae. aegypti from S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe (STP) for the transmission of the WNV PT6.39 strain, considering its potential role as a bridge vector in a region where Culex\u00a0quinquefasciatus would be the main vector. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were collected, reared, and experimentally infected with WNV, with viral dissemination and transmission potential assessed 7, 14, and 21 days post infection (dpi). The results showed an increasing trend in infection rates, from 5% at 7 dpi to 35% at 21 dpi, with corresponding dissemination rates of 0%, 100%, and 43%. The transmission rates also increased from 0% at 7 dpi to 67% at 21 dpi, with a maximum transmission efficiency of 10% observed at the final time point. Although Ae. aegypti from STP demonstrated the potential to transmit WNV, the overall transmission efficiency remained relatively low. These findings provide necessary insights into the vector competence of Ae. aegypti in this region, highlighting the importance of continued monitoring and targeted vector control measures to mitigate the risk of potential WNV outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12102038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T12:22:48Z","timestamp":1728476568000},"page":"2038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vector Competence of Aedes aegypti from S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe for West Nile Virus Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Marm\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0375-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Tomaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla A.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8572-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine, 4225 V3 MB, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1190-9810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Lanzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine, 4225 V3 MB, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4832-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Parreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Seixas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, L., Zhang, F., Munnink, B.B.O., Munger, E., Sikkema, R.S., Pappa, S., Tsioka, K., Sinigaglia, A., Dal Molin, E., and Shih, B.B. (2024). West Nile virus spread in Europe: Phylogeographic pattern analysis and key drivers. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011880"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.11.009","article-title":"Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review","volume":"67","author":"Powell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamgang, B., Ac\u00e2ntara, J., Tedjou, A., Keumeni, C., Yougang, A., Ancia, A., Bigirimana, F., Clarke, S.E., Gil, V.S., and Wondji, C. (2024). Entomological surveys and insecticide susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti during the dengue outbreak in Sao Tome and Principe in 2022. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.07.574582"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.2.130","article-title":"Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus","volume":"38","author":"Turell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0167","article-title":"Identification of blood meals from potential arbovirus mosquito vectors in the Peruvian Amazon Basin","volume":"95","author":"Palermo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0508","article-title":"Blood-feeding patterns of Aedes aegypti populations in Senegal","volume":"106","author":"Sene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(02)00378-8","article-title":"The global emergence\/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems","volume":"33","author":"Gubler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.110310","article-title":"Vector-borne infections","volume":"17","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambrechts, L., Scott, T.W., and Gubler, D.J. (2010). Consequences of the expanding global distribution of Aedes albopictus for dengue virus transmission. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000646"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt046","article-title":"Predicting human West Nile virus infections with mosquito surveillance data","volume":"178","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weger-Lucarelli, J., R\u00fcckert, C., Chotiwan, N., Nguyen, C., Garcia Luna, S.M., Fauver, J.R., Foy, B.D., Perera, R., Black, W.C., and Kading, R.C. (2016). Vector competence of American mosquitoes for three strains of Zika virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005101"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.410","article-title":"West Nile virus in Southern Portugal, 2004","volume":"5","author":"Esteves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4066-4071.2000","article-title":"Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay","volume":"38","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonica, M.B., Goenaga, S., Martin, M.L., Feroci, M., Luppo, V., Muttis, E., Fabbri, C., Morales, M.A., Enria, D., and Micieli, M.V. (2019). Vector competence of Aedes aegypti for different strains of Zika virus in Argentina. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007433"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vega-R\u00faa, A., Marconcini, M., Madec, Y., Manni, M., Carraretto, D., Gomulski, L.M., Gasperi, G., Failloux, A.B., and Malacrida, A.R. (2020). Vector competence of Aedes albopictus populations for chikungunya virus is shaped by their demographic history. Commun. Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-1046-6"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Zhang, Q., Li, L., He, J., Guo, J., Wang, Z., Huang, Y., Xi, Z., Yuan, F., and Li, Y. (2023). The effect of temperature on dengue virus transmission by Aedes mosquitoes. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1242173"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15412","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15412","article-title":"Impact of simultaneous exposure to arboviruses on infection and transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"8","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.3390\/v5123021","article-title":"Vector-virus interactions and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus","volume":"5","author":"Ciota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.3390\/v7072795","article-title":"Tissue barriers to arbovirus infection in mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"Franz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Vargas, I., Olson, K.E., and Black, W.C. (2021). The genetic basis for salivary gland barriers to arboviral transmission. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12010073"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, J., Gallichotte, E.N., Randall, J., Glass, A., Foy, B.D., Ebel, G.D., and Kading, R.C. (2023). Intrinsic factors driving mosquito vector competence and viral evolution: A review. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1330600"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06161-4","article-title":"Response of the mosquito immune system and symbiotic bacteria to pathogen infection","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.08.007","article-title":"Insect-specific viruses and their potential impact on arbovirus transmission","volume":"15","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Agboli, E., Safronetz, D., Lindsay, L.R., and Wallace, D. (2019). The role of insect-specific viruses in mosquito-borne arbovirus transmission. Front. Microbiol., 10."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0144","article-title":"Culex flavivirus and West Nile virus mosquito co-infection and positive ecological association in Chicago, United States","volume":"11","author":"Newman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5801","DOI":"10.3390\/v7112911","article-title":"Potential for co-infection of a mosquito-specific flavivirus, Nhumirim virus, to block West Nile virus transmission in mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"Goenaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020536","article-title":"Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"8","author":"Goddard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.12.004","article-title":"How Do Virus-Mosquito Interactions Lead to Viral Emergence?","volume":"34","author":"Ebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1157","article-title":"The effect of temperature on life history traits of Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of West Nile virus","volume":"49","author":"Ciota","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mencattelli, G., Ndione, M.H.D., Ros\u00e0, R., Marini, G., Diagne, C.T., Diagne, M.M., Fall, G., Faye, O., Diallo, M., and Faye, O. (2022). Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Africa: An underestimated threat. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010075"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42185-7","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of West Nile virus between Africa and Europe","volume":"14","author":"Mencattelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto-Vieira, D.F., J\u00e1come, F.C., Silva, M.A.N., Caldas, G.C., de Filippis, A.M.B., de Sequeira, P.C., de Souza, E.M., Andrade, A.A., Manso, P.P.A., and Trindade, G.F. (2017). Structural investigation of C6\/36 and Vero cell cultures infected with a Brazilian Zika virus. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184397"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldon, L., de Mendon\u00e7a, S., Santos, E., Mar\u00e7al, B., de Freitas, A.C., Rezende, F., Moreira, R., Sousa, V., Comini, S., and Lima, M. (2024). Suitable Mouse Model to Study Dynamics of West Nile Virus Infection in Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9090201"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Guo, X., Jiang, S., Li, C., Xing, D., Zhang, H., Dong, Y., and Zhao, T. (2022). The potential vector competence and overwintering of West Nile Virus in vector Aedes albopictus in China. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.888751"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinet, J.P., Bohers, C., Vazeille, M., Fert\u00e9, H., Mousson, L., Mathieu, B., Depaquit, J., and Failloux, A.B. (2023). Assessing vector competence of mosquitoes from northeastern France to West Nile virus and Usutu virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.07.527438"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400271","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.20.2400271","article-title":"Aedes albopictus is a competent vector of five arboviruses affecting human health, greater Paris, France, 2023","volume":"29","author":"Bohers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1103.040364","article-title":"West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cer\u00edaco, L.M.P., de Lima, R.F., Melo, M., and Bell, R.C. (2022). Diversity and distribution of the arthropod vectors of the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands. Biodiversity of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06153-0"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.07.003","article-title":"The invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus: Current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Bonizzoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/10\/2038\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:09:54Z","timestamp":1760112594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/10\/2038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms12102038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12102038","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2607"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]}}}