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Various metabolites from lichens have shown antimicrobial activity. Nevertheless, very few studies have investigated the antimicrobial potential of the volatile compounds they produce. This study investigates the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of volatile compounds from Pseudevernia furfuracea collected in two regions of Morocco. Hydrodistillation was used to obtain volatile compounds from samples collected in the High Atlas and Middle Atlas. Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified phenolic cyclic compounds as the primary constituents, with atraric acid and chloroatranol being the most abundant. Additionally, eight compounds were detected in lichens for the first time. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was assessed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Both samples demonstrated significant antimicrobial effects against multidrug-resistant human bacteria, reference microorganisms, fish pathogens, and Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 1000 \u00b5g\/mL to 31.25 \u00b5g\/mL. This study provides the first report on the volatile compounds from Pseudevernia furfuracea and their antimicrobial effects, particularly against fish pathogens, suggesting their potential as novel antimicrobial agents for human and veterinary use. Further research is warranted to explore these findings in more detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12112336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T07:45:27Z","timestamp":1731915927000},"page":"2336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Compounds from the Lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf. Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Fish Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4846-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser","family":"Essadki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd Prince Moulay Abdellah, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Hilmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, AgroSciences and Environment, CNRST Labeled Research Unit N\u25e64, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd Prince Moulay Abdellah, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9162-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cascajosa-Lira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Toxicolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C. Tramontana, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1193-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Gir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4253-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Mehdi","family":"Darrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Biomass, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd Prince Moulay Abdellah, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9882-4651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Health and Environment Research Centre, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (E2S\/P.PORTO), R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Abderrahmane","family":"Romane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Biomass, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd Prince Moulay Abdellah, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Soukaina","family":"El Amrani Zerrifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd Prince Moulay Abdellah, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Nurses Professions and Health Techniques of Guelmim, Guelmim 81000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9012-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Mugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd Prince Moulay Abdellah, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1058-9843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zakaria","family":"Tazart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgroBioSciences Department, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]},{"given":"El Mahdi","family":"Redouane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques, Universit\u00e9 de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, CEDEX, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-3294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angeles","family":"Jos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Toxicolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C. Tramontana, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Came\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Toxicolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C. Tramontana, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Rua Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4621-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2922-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"El Khalloufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Engineering and Environmental Impacts Team, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Bd 2 Mars, Khouribga 25000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6295-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brahim","family":"Oudra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd Prince Moulay Abdellah, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6276-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustapha","family":"Barakate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, AgroSciences and Environment, CNRST Labeled Research Unit N\u25e64, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd Prince Moulay Abdellah, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"},{"name":"AgroBioSciences Department, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7181-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honegger, R. (2022). Lichens and Their Allies Past and Present. Plant Relationships: Fungal-Plant Interactions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16503-0_6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16630","article-title":"Lichens redefined as complex ecosystems","volume":"227","author":"Hawksworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honegger, R. 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