{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:13:02Z","timestamp":1776057182919,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":447,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2020.07845.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07845.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["U-IDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U-IDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the framework of the program PT2020","award":["2020.07845.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07845.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the framework of the program PT2020","award":["U-IDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U-IDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the framework of the program PT2020","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intensification of aquaculture has escalated disease outbreaks and overuse of antibiotics, driving the global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) provide a promising alternative due to their rapid, broad-spectrum activity, low AMR risk, and additional bioactivities, including immunomodulatory, anticancer, and antifouling properties. AMPs derived from aquatic invertebrates, particularly marine-derived, are well-suited for aquaculture, offering enhanced stability in high-salinity environments. This study compiles and analyzes data from AMP databases and over 200 scientific sources, identifying approximately 350 AMPs derived from aquatic invertebrates, mostly cationic and \u03b1-helical, across 65 protein families. While in vitro assays highlight their potential, limited in vivo studies hinder practical application. These AMPs could serve as feed additives, therapeutic agents, or in genetic engineering approaches like CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated transgenesis to enhance resilience of farmed species. Despite challenges such as stability, ecological impacts, and regulatory hurdles, advancements in peptidomimetics and genetic engineering hold significant promise. Future research should emphasize refining AMP enhancement techniques, expanding their diversity and bioactivity profiles, and prioritizing comprehensive in vivo evaluations. Harnessing the potential of AMPs represents a significant step forward on the path to aquaculture sustainability, reducing antibiotic dependency, and combating AMR, ultimately safeguarding public health and ecosystem resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T03:29:43Z","timestamp":1736825383000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Aquatic Invertebrate Antimicrobial Peptides in the Fight Against Aquaculture Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0668-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-5446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Antonio","family":"Guardiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9874-933X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-1732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostinho","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v9i3.2","article-title":"Recent biocontrol measures for fish bacterial diseases, in particular to probiotics, bio-encapsulated vaccines, and phage therapy","volume":"9","author":"Soliman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4038\/sljas.v23i1.7543","article-title":"Heavy use of antibiotics in aquaculture: Emerging human and animal health problems\u2014A review","volume":"23","author":"Manage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J. Aquat. 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