{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T23:54:35Z","timestamp":1768694075449,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Foundation Initiative for African Research into Neglected Tropical Diseases","award":["98539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98539"]}]},{"name":"European Foundation Initiative for African Research into Neglected Tropical Diseases","award":["JO369\/5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JO369\/5-1"]}]},{"name":"World Health Organization, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["98539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98539"]}]},{"name":"World Health Organization, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["JO369\/5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JO369\/5-1"]}]},{"name":"The Vaccine Alliance through Health System Strengthening","award":["98539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98539"]}]},{"name":"The Vaccine Alliance through Health System Strengthening","award":["JO369\/5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JO369\/5-1"]}]},{"name":"Cam\u00f5es\u2014Instituto da Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o e da L\u00edngua","award":["98539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98539"]}]},{"name":"Cam\u00f5es\u2014Instituto da Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o e da L\u00edngua","award":["JO369\/5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JO369\/5-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important diarrheal agents in children in developing countries. Little is known about their molecular epidemiology; as such, the objective of this study was to determine the risk factors and genetic diversity of both parasites in diarrheal samples in Mozambique. In this study, two nested PCRs targeting ssurRNA and gp60 genes were used for genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and b-giardin for G. duodenalis. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were obtained through questionnaires. The location (odds ratio [OR] 3.499), mother\u2019s education level (OR 2.150) and age were significant factors for acquiring infection by Cryptosporidium spp. (p &lt; 0.05). Cryptosporidium hominis was the predominant (77.8%) species. Four families (three C. hominis and one C. parvum) were identified, with the highest for Ib (73.9%), followed by Id (13%), Ia (8.7%) and IIc (4.3%). The location (p-value &lt; 0.001), drinking untreated water (p-value = 0.04) and living in masonry houses (p-value = 0.002) were identified as risks associated with G. duodenalis infection. Assemblage A was the dominant type (65.2%). Among the subassemblages of assemblage A, AII was the most frequent (86.6%), followed by AIII (6.6%). For assemblage B, subassemblages BIII (87.5%) and BIV (12.5%) were identified. The dominance of the subtype IbA9G3 of C. hominis, as well as the AII subassemblage of G. duodenalis, seems to indicate that the transmission of both protozoa occurs mainly through the anthroponotic route.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T10:27:58Z","timestamp":1737109678000},"page":"196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk Factors and Circulating Subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Hospitalized Children in Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Of\u00e9lia","family":"Nhambirre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Parasitologia M\u00e9dica, Grupo de Parasitas Oportunistas\/VIH e Outros Parasitas, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n\u00b03943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5811-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Lu\u00edsa","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Parasitologia M\u00e9dica, Grupo de Parasitas Oportunistas\/VIH e Outros Parasitas, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3307-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idal\u00e9cia","family":"Cossa-Moiane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n\u00b03943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8184-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Bauhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n\u00b03943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6769-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilsa de","family":"Deus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n\u00b03943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo 3453, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5793-7716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Parasitologia M\u00e9dica, Grupo de Parasitas Oportunistas\/VIH e Outros Parasitas, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNICEF (2022, July 30). 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