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In order to solve this problem, biodegradation of toluene has been applied all over the world. This study investigated the effects of Fe3+ on toluene degradation by the Rhodococcus sp. TG-1. The results show that 1 mg L\u22121 Fe3+ increased the degradation rate of 600 mg L\u22121 toluene from 61.9% to 87.2% at 16 h. The acceleration mechanism of Fe3+ was explicated using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses, coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, an enzyme activity assay, and transcriptome analysis. Four genes were detected to be significantly up-regulated under Fe3+ induction, suggesting that Fe3+ might be implicated in toluene degradation. Meanwhile, Fe3+ was a component of the active center of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O) and significantly improved the enzyme activity of C12O. The mechanism by which Fe3+ accelerates toluene degradation was proposed based on the transcription levels of degradation genes and the enzyme activity of C12O. This study provided an improved method for enhancing the degradation effect of toluene and furthered our comprehension of the mechanism of toluene degradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T11:49:27Z","timestamp":1739965767000},"page":"468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Study on the Mechanism by Which Fe3+ Promotes Toluene Degradation by Rhodococcus sp. TG-1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3490-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China"}]},{"given":"Guohui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9233-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-1732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostinho","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Meitong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.131","article-title":"Removal of VOCs from waste gases using various thermal oxidizers: A comparative study based on life cycle assessment and cost analysis in China","volume":"233","author":"Tomatis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. 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