{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T12:52:18Z","timestamp":1778244738503,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["405902\/2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["405902\/2021-2"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["307014\/2022-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307014\/2022-3"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["2023\/16905-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/16905-4"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["2023\/01758-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/01758-6"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["2024\/04001-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/04001-6"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["2022\/08510-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08510-7"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["405902\/2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["405902\/2021-2"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["307014\/2022-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307014\/2022-3"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["2023\/16905-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/16905-4"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["2023\/01758-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/01758-6"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["2024\/04001-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/04001-6"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["2022\/08510-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08510-7"]}]},{"name":"State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil","award":["405902\/2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["405902\/2021-2"]}]},{"name":"State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil","award":["307014\/2022-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307014\/2022-3"]}]},{"name":"State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil","award":["2023\/16905-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/16905-4"]}]},{"name":"State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil","award":["2023\/01758-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/01758-6"]}]},{"name":"State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil","award":["2024\/04001-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/04001-6"]}]},{"name":"State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil","award":["2022\/08510-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08510-7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted tuberculosis (TB) control, increasing mortality and potentially worsening disparities. This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends of TB mortality in Brazil and to trace the COVID-19 pandemic\u2019s effect using a Bayesian approach, focusing on nationwide data. An ecological study of TB deaths recorded in the Mortality Information System (SIM) from 2012 to 2022 was conducted. Trends and percentage changes in the mortality were estimated. A Bayesian Structural Time Series model combined with an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model was used to assess the pandemic\u2019s effect on TB. A total of 51,809 TB deaths were identified, with a mortality rate of 2.27 per 100,000. Higher rates were found among the elderly (6.86), indigenous populations (5.58), and black individuals (4.21). The Bayesian model estimated a 9.9% (CI 8.8\u201311%) increase in TB mortality due to COVID-19. The Midwest region showed the highest increase (30%, 25\u201335%). Females experienced a greater post-pandemic monthly increase (2.80%) in mortality than males (0.72%). The Bayesian analysis revealed a significant rise in TB mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic, with notable disparities affecting females, the elderly, the indigenous, and the black populations. These findings highlight the pandemic\u2019s long-term impact on TB and stress the need for equity-focused, data-driven public health responses in Brazil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13051145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T10:24:02Z","timestamp":1747391042000},"page":"1145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Temporal Trends of Mortality Due to Tuberculosis in Brazil: Tracing the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic\u2019s Effect Through a Bayesian Approach and Unmasking Disparities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5378-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reginaldo Bazon Vaz","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8085-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dulce","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, School of Science and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4163-8719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tha\u00eds Zamboni","family":"Berra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5596-0047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan Mathias","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Carlos Vieira","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, State University of Minas Gerais, Passos 96010-440, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8111-4370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela Antunes Paschoal","family":"Popolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 da Silva","family":"Abade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso, Campus Barra do Gar\u00e7as, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78600-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1891-1606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalia","family":"Zini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ariela Fehr","family":"T\u00e1rtaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Josilene D\u00e1lia","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as, Cuiaba 78600-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5310-5592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Bruzadelli Paulino da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Maria Eduarda Pagano","family":"Pelodan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Fornaziero","family":"Vigato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Daniele de Moraes","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Juliana Queiroz Rocha de","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Clara Ferreira de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4792-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Alexandre","family":"Arc\u00eancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (2025, April 29). Boletim Epidemiol\u00f3gicol, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/aids\/pt-br\/central-de-conteudo\/boletins-epidemiologicos\/2025\/boletim-epidemiologico-tuberculose-2025\/@@download\/file."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, April 29). Global Tuberculosis Report, 2024. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/363752\/9789240061729eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eAPE002115","DOI":"10.37689\/acta-ape\/2021AR02115","article-title":"Impacto da COVID-19 no controle E reorganiza\u00e7\u00e3o da aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 tuberculose","volume":"34","author":"Hino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paul. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berra, T.Z., Ramos, A.C.V., Alves, Y.M., Tavares, R.B.V., Tartaro, A.F., do Nascimento, M.C., Moura, H.S.D., Delpino, F.M., de Almeida Soares, D., and Silva, R.V.D.S. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on Tuberculosis Indicators in Brazil: A Time Series and Spatial Analysis Study. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7090247"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"100765","article-title":"The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on tuberculosis notifications and deaths in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: A cross-sectional study","volume":"34","author":"Blumea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200119","DOI":"10.36416\/1806-3756\/e20200119","article-title":"Tuberculosis in Brazil: One country, multiple realities","volume":"47","author":"Cortez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bras. Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza, C.D.F., Neto, E.R.D., Matos, T.S., Ferreira, A.C.F., Bezerra-Santos, M., da Silva Junior, A.G., and Carmo, R.F.D. (2023). Bridging the Gaps: Investigating the Complex Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Records in Brazil. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8090454"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01184-6","article-title":"Unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes across Brazil\u2019s geographical landscape before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Are we truly advancing toward the sustainable development\/end TB goal?","volume":"13","author":"Tavares","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e13912022","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on New Cases of Tuberculosis in Brazil: A Temporal and Spatial Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Hentringer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mundo Saude"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"565","article-title":"Using time series analysis in epidemiological studies","volume":"24","author":"Antunes","year":"2015","journal-title":"SciELO"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00144013","article-title":"Trends in epidemiology in the 21st century: Time to adopt bayesian methods","volume":"30","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, August 10). The End TB Strategy, 2015. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/331326\/WHO-HTM-TB-2015.19eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2025, January 20). National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK578529\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rppnen.2017.11.003","article-title":"Tuberculosis, social determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV)","volume":"24","author":"Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.16.050195.000425","article-title":"Ecologic studies in epidemiology: Concepts, principles, and methods","volume":"16","author":"Morgenstern","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) (2024, July 26). Brazil em S\u00edntese, Available online: https:\/\/brasilemsintese.ibge.gov.br\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (2024, July 10). Manual de Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es para o Controle da Tuberculose no Brasil Bras\u00edlia, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br\/assuntos\/saude-de-a-a-z\/t\/tuberculose\/publicacoes\/manual-de-recomendacoes-para-o-controle-da-tuberculose-no-brasil.pdf\/@@download\/file."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) (2024, July 26). Popula\u00e7\u00e3o, Available online: https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/estatisticas\/sociais\/populacao.html."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) (2024, July 26). Censo Demogr\u00e1fico 2022. Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00c9tnico-Racial Da Popula\u00e7\u00e3o, Por Sexo E Idade, Available online: https:\/\/agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br\/media\/com_mediaibge\/arquivos\/13ee0337cffc1de37bf0cd4da3988e1f.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3","article-title":"STL: A Seasonal-Trend Decomposition Procedure Based on Loess","volume":"6","author":"Cleveland","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Off. Stat."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brockwell, P.J., and Davis, R.A. (2002). Introduction to Time Series and Forecasting, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/b97391"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9473(03)00030-6","article-title":"Testing and dating of structural changes in practice","volume":"44","author":"Zeileis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1214\/14-AOAS788","article-title":"Inferring causal impact using Bayesian structural time-series models","volume":"9","author":"Brodersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Box, G.E.P., and Jenkins, G.M. (1976). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, Wiley. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.02.025","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on diagnosis of tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and on mortality in 11 countries in Europe, Northern America, and Australia. A Global Tuberculosis Network study","volume":"130","author":"Nalunjogi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.66.9.1196","article-title":"Tuberculosis in Northeastern Brasil (2001\u20132016): Trend, clinical profile, and prevalence of risk factors and associated comorbidities","volume":"66","author":"Brito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Szwarcwald, C.L., Morais Neto, O.L., Frias, P.G., Souza, P.R.B., Cortez-Escalante, J.J., Lima, R.B., and Viola, R.C. (2011). Busca ativa de \u00f3bitos e nascimentos no Nordeste e na Amaz\u00f4nia Legal: Estima\u00e7\u00e3o das coberturas do SIM e do SINASC nos munic\u00edpios brasileiros. Departamento de An\u00e1lise de Situa\u00e7\u00e3o de Sa\u00fade, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Organizadores. Sa\u00fade Brasil, 2010: Uma An\u00e1lise Da Situa\u00e7\u00e3o de Sa\u00fade E de Evid\u00eancias Selecionadas de Impacto de a\u00e7\u00f5es de Vigil\u00e2ncia Em Sa\u00fade, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"UN Women (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Women, United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/digital-library\/publications\/2020\/04\/policy-brief-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horton, K.C., MacPherson, P., Houben, R.M.G.J., White, R.G., and Corbett, E.L. (2016). Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Burden and Notifications in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002119"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Sousa Viana, P.V., Paiva, N.S., Villela, D.A.M., Bastos, L.S., and de Souza Bierrenbach, A.L. (2020). Paulo Cesar Basta Factors associated with death in patients with tuberculosis in Brazil: Competing risks analysis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240090"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Brazil Brazilian Institute of Geography Statistics (I.B.G.E.) (2024, August 26). Pessoas Pretas e Pardas Continuam Com Menor Acesso a Emprego Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Seguran\u00e7a e Saneamento, Available online: https:\/\/agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br\/agencia-noticias\/2012-agencia-de-noticias\/noticias\/35467-pessoas-pretas-e-pardas-continuam-com-menor-acesso-a-emprego-educacao-seguranca-e-saneamentO."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-8910.2013047004628","article-title":"Social inequalities and tuberculosis: An analysis by race\/color in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil","volume":"47","author":"Basta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"26","article-title":"Spatial-temporal evolution of tuberculosis incidence rates in indigenous and non-indigenous people of Brazil, from 2011 to 2022","volume":"1","author":"Vaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satyanarayana, S., Thekkur, P., Kumar, A.M.V., Lin, Y., Dlodlo, R.A., Khogali, M., Zachariah, R., and Harries, A.D. (2020). An Opportunity to END TB: Using the Sustainable Development Goals for Action on Socio-Economic Determinants of TB in High Burden Countries in WHO South-East Asia and the Western Pacific Regions. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5020101"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caraux-Paz, P., Diamantis, S., de Wazi\u00e8res, B., and Gallien, S. (2021). Tuberculosis in the Elderly. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245888"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Bari, V., Cerva, C., Libertone, R., Carli, S.M., Musso, M., Goletti, D., Aiello, A., Mazzarelli, A., Cannas, A., and Matusali, G. (2025). Impact of Severity of COVID-19 in TB Disease Patients: Experience from an Italian Infectious Disease Referral Hospital. Infect. Dis. Rep., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/idr17010011"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300925","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00925-2023","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of the global tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection cohort","volume":"62","author":"Casco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/5\/1145\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:34:08Z","timestamp":1760031248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/13\/5\/1145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms13051145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13051145","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}