{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T06:10:57Z","timestamp":1778134257979,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":250,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/EQU\/00511\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EQU\/00511\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fast detection and identification of microorganisms is a challenging and significant feature from industry to medicine. Standard approaches are known to be very time-consuming and labor-intensive (e.g., culture media and biochemical tests). Conversely, screening techniques demand a quick and low-cost grouping of bacterial\/fungal isolates and current analysis call for broad reports of microorganisms, involving the application of molecular techniques (e.g., 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing based on polymerase chain reaction). The goal of this review is to present the past and the present methods of detection and identification of microorganisms, and to discuss their advantages and their limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7050130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T11:00:57Z","timestamp":1557745257000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":462,"title":["Advances in Chemical and Biological Methods to Identify Microorganisms\u2014From Past to Present"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Franco-Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5300-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"\u010cern\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"given":"Snehal","family":"Kadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Pune 411045, India"}]},{"given":"Karishma","family":"S. Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Pune 411045, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahare","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 14665-354, Iran"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bevilacqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Corbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-4249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubert","family":"Antolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171\/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3095-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Dybka-St\u0119pie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171\/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8474-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Leszczewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Bionanopark Ltd., Dubois 114\/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"given":"Saulo","family":"Relison Tintino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry\/CCBS\/URCA, Crato 63105-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Veruska Cintia","family":"Alexandrino de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento of Microbiology, Instituto Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es\/Fiocruz, Recife 50670-420, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7301-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad","family":"Sharifi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6634-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique Douglas","family":"Melo Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry\/CCBS\/URCA, Crato 63105-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8633-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia F.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2013Dep. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisen, P.S., Debnath, M., and Prasad, G.B. 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