{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T22:41:03Z","timestamp":1772232063410,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]],"date-time":"2019-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Sanidad of Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["GRS 551\/A\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 551\/A\/10"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n of Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies have explored the antimicrobial properties of manuka honey (MkH). However, the data available regarding antibacterial action mechanisms are scarcer. The aim of this study was to scrutinize and characterize primary effects of manuka honey (MkH) upon the physiological status of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria models, respectively), using flow cytometry (FC) to reveal its antibacterial action mechanisms. Effects of MkH on membrane potential, membrane integrity and metabolic activity were assessed using different fluorochromes in a 180 min time course assay. Time-kill experiments were carried out under the same conditions. Additionally, MkH effect on efflux pumps was also studied in an E. coli strain with an over-expression of several efflux pumps. Exposure of bacteria to MkH resulted in physiological changes related to membrane potential and membrane integrity; these effects displayed slight differences among bacteria. MkH induced a remarkable metabolic disruption as primary physiological effect upon S. aureus and was able to block efflux pump activity in a dose-dependent fashion in the E. coli strain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7080258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T03:59:26Z","timestamp":1565755166000},"page":"258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluation of Physiological Effects Induced by Manuka Honey Upon Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5170-3687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Combarros-Fuertes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"given":"Leticia M.","family":"Estevinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5301-855 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-9362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Teixeira-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ac\u00e1cio G.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Burn Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cid\u00e1lia","family":"Pina-Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Fresno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"given":"M. Eugenia","family":"Tornadijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon","volume":"109","author":"Prestinaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01881","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the food chain: A developing country-perspective","volume":"7","author":"Founou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2018). 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