{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T22:08:37Z","timestamp":1774649317908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["IF\/01358\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/01358\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/140567\/2018)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/140567\/2018)"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/Multi\/04423\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04423\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30997\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30997\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial natural products (NPs) are still a major source of new drug leads. Polyketides (PKs) and non-ribosomal peptides (NRP) are two pharmaceutically important families of NPs and recent studies have revealed Antarctica to harbor endemic polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes, likely to be involved in the production of novel metabolites. Despite this, the diversity of secondary metabolites genes in Antarctica is still poorly explored. In this study, a computational bioprospection approach was employed to study the diversity and identity of PKS and NRPS genes to one of the most biodiverse areas in maritime Antarctica\u2014Maxwell Bay. Amplicon sequencing of soil samples targeting ketosynthase (KS) and adenylation (AD) domains of PKS and NRPS genes, respectively, revealed abundant and unexplored chemical diversity in this peninsula. About 20% of AD domain sequences were only distantly related to characterized biosynthetic genes. Several PKS and NRPS genes were found to be closely associated to recently described metabolites including those from uncultured and candidate phyla. The combination of new approaches in computational biology and new culture-dependent and -independent strategies is thus critical for the recovery of the potential novel chemistry encoded in Antarctica microorganisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T10:10:25Z","timestamp":1582020625000},"page":"279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Diversity of Bacterial Biosynthetic Genes in Maritime Antarctica"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9647-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Rego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4779-6459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio G. G.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1899-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute F.-A. Forel, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, 1211 Gen\u00e8ve 4, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2315-358X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Pascoal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5190-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Can\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5064-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro N.","family":"Le\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-179 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.02.008","article-title":"Natural Products: a continuing source of novel drug leads","volume":"1830","author":"Cragg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. 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