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Here, we aimed to develop a diagnostic method with predictive value by analyzing two groups of dogs with CanL, those that exhibited a decrease in parasite load upon antiparasitic treatment (group: responders) and those that maintained high parasite load despite the treatment (group: non-responders). The parameters analyzed were parasitic load determined by q-PCR, hemogram, serum biochemistry and immune system-related gene expression signature. A mathematical model was applied to the analysis of these parameters to predict how efficient their response to therapy would be. Responder dogs restored hematological and biochemical parameters to the reference values and exhibited a Th1 cell activation profile with a linear tendency to reach mild clinical alteration stages. Differently, non-responders developed a mixed Th1\/Th2 response and exhibited markers of liver and kidney injury. Erythrocyte counts and serum phosphorus were identified as predictive markers of therapeutic response at an early period of assessment of CanL. The results presented in this study are highly encouraging and may represent a new paradigm for future assistance to clinicians to interfere precociously in the therapeutic approach, with a more precise definition in the patient\u2019s prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T02:43:42Z","timestamp":1589769822000},"page":"745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mathematical Modelling Using Predictive Biomarkers for the Outcome of Canine Leishmaniasis upon Chemotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Rafaela","family":"de Sousa Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Flaviane","family":"Alves de Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7430-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Jorge","family":"Dinis-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sciences, IINFACTS\u2014Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal (R.J.D.-O.)"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8904-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, IINFACTS\u2014Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7306-7378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Gaifem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Farias Larangeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Milton","family":"Ramos-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Seroepidemiology and Immunobiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01000, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7048-562X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiro","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Seroepidemiology and Immunobiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, 05403-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3501-7366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella Maria","family":"Barrouin-Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary 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