{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T05:31:34Z","timestamp":1771738294358,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011470","name":"Shanghai Minhang Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011470","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is the causative agent of the bacterial canker of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.). Phage therapy has been suggested as a viable alternative approach to controlling this disease, but its efficacy is limited by the emergence of phage-resistant mutants. Carvacrol is an essential oil that may be useful for the control of Psa. Combination therapies can be used to overcome resistance development. Here, the combination of phages (single phage suspensions of phages PN05 and PN09, and a cocktail of both phages) and carvacrol was investigated in controlling Psa planktonic and biofilm forms in vitro. The phage therapy alone (with phages PN05 and PN09), and the carvacrol alone (minimum inhibitory concentration 2.0 mg\/mL), inhibited Psa growth, but the combined effect of both therapies was more effective. The phages alone effectively inhibited Psa growth for 24 h, but Psa regrowth was observed after this time. The carvacrol (2.0 mg\/mL) alone prevented the biofilm formation for 48 h, but did not destroy the pre-formed biofilms. The combined treatment, phages and carvacrol (2.0 mg\/mL), showed a higher efficacy, preventing Psa regrowth for more than 40 h. In conclusion, the combined treatment with phages and carvacrol may be a promising, environment-friendly and cost-effective approach to controlling Psa in the kiwifruit industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T04:12:09Z","timestamp":1591157529000},"page":"837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Combined Application of Bacteriophages and Carvacrol in the Control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Planktonic and Biofilm Forms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Peien","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Bohan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Songtao","family":"Jiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Caixi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelaide","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Wenping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41438-018-0058-6","article-title":"Pathways of flower infection and pollen-mediated dispersion of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker","volume":"5","author":"Donati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hortic. 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