{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T03:03:25Z","timestamp":1774321405873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["SFRH\/BD\/133100\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/133100\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In a world where the population continues to increase and the volume of fishing catches stagnates or even falls, the aquaculture sector has great growth potential. This study aimed to contribute to the depth of knowledge of the diversity of bacterial species found in Sparus aurata collected from a fish farm and to understand which profiles of diminished susceptibility to antibiotics would be found in these bacteria that might be disseminated in the environment. One hundred thirty-six bacterial strains were recovered from the S. aurata samples. These strains belonged to Bacillaceae, Bacillales Family XII. Incertae Sedis, Comamonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, Erwiniaceae, Micrococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and Staphylococcaceae families. Enterobacter sp. was more frequently found in gills, intestine and skin groups than in muscle groups (p \u2264 0.01). Antibiotic susceptibility tests found that non-susceptibility to phenicols was significantly higher in gills, intestine and skin samples (45%) than in muscle samples (24%) (p \u2264 0.01) and was the most frequently found non-susceptibility in both groups of samples. The group of Enterobacteriaceae from muscles presented less decreased susceptibility to florfenicol (44%) than in the group of gills, intestine and skin samples (76%). We found decreased susceptibilities to \u03b2-lactams and glycopeptides in the Bacillaceae family, to quinolones and mupirocin in the Staphylococcaceae family, and mostly to \u03b2-lactams, phenicols and quinolones in the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae families. Seven Enterobacter spp. and five Pseudomonas spp. strains showed non-susceptibility to ertapenem and meropenem, respectively, which is of concern because they are antibiotics used as a last resort in serious clinical infections. To our knowledge, this is the first description of species Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Klebsiella michiganensis, Lelliottia sp. and Pantoea vagans associated with S. aurata (excluding cases where these bacteria are used as probiotics) and of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnrB19-producing Leclercia adecarboxylata strain. The non-synonymous G385T and C402A mutations at parC gene (within quinolone resistance-determining regions) were also identified in a Klebsiella pneumoniae, revealing decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. In this study, we found not only bacteria from the natural microbiota of fish but also pathogenic bacteria associated with fish and humans. Several antibiotics for which decreased susceptibility was found here are integrated into the World Health Organization list of \u201ccritically important antimicrobials\u201d and \u201chighly important antimicrobials\u201d for human medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T09:29:28Z","timestamp":1599038968000},"page":"1343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Bacterial Diversity and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Sparus aurata from Aquaculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR-HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Manageiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR-HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Narcisa M.","family":"Bandarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sea and Marine Resources, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP), 1749-077 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR-HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR-HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Cani\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR-HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.10.015","article-title":"Aquaculture: Relevance, distribution, impacts and spatial assessments\u2014A review","volume":"119","author":"Ottinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Departement Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles (2020, July 20). Portugal (2005). Country Profile Fact Sheets. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fishery\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral de Recursos Naturais Seguran\u00e7a e Servi\u00e7os Mar\u00edtimos (2013). Plano Estrat\u00e9gico para a Aquicultura Portuguesa 2014-2020, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral de Recursos Naturais Seguran\u00e7a e Servi\u00e7os Mar\u00edtimos."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Martins, R., and Carneiro, M. (2018). Manual de Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Peixes \u00d3sseos da costa Continental Portuguesa\u2014Principais Caracter\u00edstica Diagnosticantes, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heather, F.J., Childs, D.Z., Darnaude, A.M., and Blanchard, J.L. (2018). Using an integral projection model to assess the effect of temperature on the growth of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196092"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12134","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re-examined: Its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health","volume":"15","author":"Cabello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Rodgers, C.J., and Furones, M.D. Antimicrobial agents in aquaculture: Practice, needs and issues. Options M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes S\u00e9rie A S\u00e9minaires M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens, 41\u201359."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.03.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: Current knowledge and alternatives to tackle the problem","volume":"52","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2016.02.002","article-title":"Fish condition factor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and biotransformation responses in Sarotherodon melanotheron from a contaminated freshwater dam (Awba Dam) in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"121","author":"Adeogun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"International Standard (2017). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Preparation of Test Samples, Initial Suspension and Decimal Dilutions for Microbiological Examination\u2014Part 1: General Rules for the Preparation of the Initial Suspension and Decimal Dilutions, ISO copyright office. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"International Standard (2017). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Preparation of Test Samples, Initial Suspension and Decimal Dilutions for Microbiological Examination\u2014Part 3: Specific Rules for the Preparation of Fish and Fishery Products, ISO copyright office. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13021","article-title":"Influence of agricultural practice on mobile bla genes: IncI1-bearing CTX-M, SHV, CMY and TEM in Escherichia coli from intensive farming soils","volume":"18","author":"Manageiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) (2011). Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases and\/or AmpC \u03b2-lactamases in food and food-producing animals. EFSA J., 9, 2322.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2322"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) (2013). Scientific Opinion on Carbapenem resistance in food animal ecosystems. EFSA J., 11, 3501.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3501"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.12.013","article-title":"Assessing the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria obtained from animals","volume":"141","author":"Schwarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dean, A.G., Sullivan, K.M., and Soe, M.M. (2020, July 29). OpenEpi: Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health. Available online: www.OpenEpi.com."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp498","article-title":"Development of a set of multiplex PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding important beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"65","author":"Dallenne","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01412-06","article-title":"Spread of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal","volume":"51","author":"Manageiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"122","article-title":"Detection of bla(IMP) and bla(VIM) metallo-\u03b2-lactamases genes among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains","volume":"3","author":"Fallah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Burns Trauma"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"329","article-title":"Isolation of Multi Antibiotic Resistance Serratia marcescens and the Detection of AmpC & GES\u03b2L Genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique","volume":"22","author":"Khudhair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Assoc. Jungian Stud."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12340","article-title":"GES-5 among the beta-lactamases detected in ubiquitous bacteria isolated from aquatic environment samples","volume":"351","author":"Manageiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00574-09","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Carbapenem Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"53","author":"Poirel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"315","article-title":"Genotyping of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from tracheal tube discharge of hospitalized patients in intensive care","volume":"5","author":"Shoja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06191-11","article-title":"Prevalence of qnr, aac(6\u2019)-Ib-cr, qepA, and oqxAB in Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans, Animals, and the Environment","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm308","article-title":"Detection of qnrA among Enterobacteriaceae from South-East England with extended-spectrum and high-level AmpC beta-lactamases","volume":"60","author":"Ellington","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.08.010","article-title":"Assessing the molecular basis of transferable quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from food-producing animals and food products","volume":"167","author":"Manageiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01647-05","article-title":"qnr prevalence in ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the United States","volume":"50","author":"Robicsek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01195-06","article-title":"Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants QnrA, QnrB, and QnrS among clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae in a Taiwanese hospital","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45908-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a multidrug-resistant strain of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli O164 isolated in Japan","volume":"54","author":"Ahmed","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2380","article-title":"V Contributions of Individual Mechanisms to Fluoroquinolone Resistance in 36 Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Humans and Animals","volume":"40","author":"Everett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.1.71-76.2005","article-title":"Emergence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli in Europe","volume":"49","author":"Mammeri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.6.17-00672","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance determinants, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4 and mcr-5 for surveillance purposes","volume":"23","author":"Rebelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"205","article-title":"The prevalence of methicillin resistance and Panton-Valentine leukocidin synthesis genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates of bovine and human origin","volume":"84","author":"Velebit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Arch."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105551","article-title":"Distribution, combined pollution and risk assessment of antibiotics in typical marine aquaculture farms surrounding the Yellow Sea, North China","volume":"138","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5650-9","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from oysters in Korea","volume":"23","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.07.055","article-title":"Microbial water quality and the detection of multidrug resistant E. coli and antibiotic resistance genes in aquaculture sites of Singapore","volume":"135","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2015.1036185","article-title":"Fluoroquinolones and Tetracycline Antibiotics in a Portuguese Aquaculture System and Aquatic Surroundings: Occurrence and Environmental Impact","volume":"78","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Heal. Part A Curr. Issues"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.07.033","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas ssp. strains isolated from Sparus aurata reared in Italian mariculture farms","volume":"284","author":"Scarano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-015-0096-y","article-title":"Prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in multi\u2014Drug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from aquaculture water in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province, Iran","volume":"14","author":"Tajbakhsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"fix161","article-title":"Exploring fish microbial communities to mitigate emerging diseases in aquaculture","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3354\/dao054119","article-title":"Carriage of potentially fish-pathogenic bacteria in Sparus aurata cultured in Mediterranean fish farms","volume":"54","author":"Pujalte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2018-0037","article-title":"Contemporary threats of bacterial infections in freshwater fish","volume":"62","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00047-05","article-title":"Biology of Pseudomonas stutzeri","volume":"70","author":"Lalucat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0882-3","article-title":"Comparison of clinical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. putida keratitis at a tertiary referral center: A retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.07.004","article-title":"Pseudomonas stutzeri prosthetic valve endocarditis: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Halabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouchenir, L., Renaud, C., Khan, S., Bitnun, A., Boisvert, A.A., McDonald, J., Bowes, J., Brophy, J., Barton, M., and Ting, J. (2017). The epidemiology, management, and outcomes of bacterial meningitis in infants. Pediatrics, 140.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0476"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00183","article-title":"Infections caused by antimicrobial drug-resistant saprophytic Gram-negative bacteria in the environment","volume":"4","author":"Raphael","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-010-0114-0","article-title":"Pseudomonas putida bacteremia in adult patients: Five case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Yoshino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.7150\/jgen.15063","article-title":"Draft Genome Sequence of Kocuria rhizophila strain TPW45, an Actinobacterium Isolated from Freshwater","volume":"4","author":"Adrian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Genom."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2013.93","article-title":"The expanding spectrum of human infections caused by Kocuria species: A case report and literature review","volume":"2","author":"Purty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.3390\/md12031281","article-title":"Phylogenetic diversity and biological activity of actinobacteria isolated from the chukchi shelf marine sediments in the arctic ocean","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.021469-0","article-title":"Kocuria salsicia sp. nov., isolated from salt-fermented seafood","volume":"61","author":"Yun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"4","article-title":"Draft Genome Sequence of Kocuria rhizophila RF, a Radiation-Resistant Soil Isolate","volume":"4","author":"Mehrabadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06038-11","article-title":"Persistent bloodstream infection with Kocuria rhizophila related to a damaged central catheter","volume":"50","author":"Moissenet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-019-00701-7","article-title":"Genetic diversity and multiple antibiotic resistance index study of bacterial pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from diseased Indian major carps","volume":"64","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03673-1","article-title":"Molecular Identification of Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Fish Pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis and their Control by Medicinal Herbs","volume":"7","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"M898","article-title":"Species identification and antimicrobial resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from the meat of sea fish","volume":"79","author":"Popelka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02365.x","article-title":"Involvement of Enterobacter cloacae in the mortality of the fish, Mugil cephalus","volume":"46","author":"Santiago","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2017-0070","article-title":"Bacterial flora associated with diseased freshwater ornamental fish","volume":"61","author":"Walczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"49","article-title":"Particular Distribution of Enterobacter cloacae Strains Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection within Clonal Complexes","volume":"20","author":"Akbari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-10-341","article-title":"Foodborne Agents Associated with the Consumption of Aquaculture Catfish","volume":"74","author":"McCoy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2174\/157489109788490352","article-title":"Epidemiology, Pathogenicity and Emerging Resistances in Staphylococcus pasteuri: From Mammals and Lampreys, to Man","volume":"4","author":"Savini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Antiinfect. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01534","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis from Food, Clinical Specimens, and Oral Sites: Prevalence of Virulence Factors in Association with Biofilm Formation","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13891","article-title":"Identification of N-acyl homoserine lactone-degrading bacteria isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"125","author":"Delshad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0866","article-title":"Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) as carriers of SHV-12 and TEM-52 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-containing Escherichia coli isolates","volume":"8","author":"Sousa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.06.018","article-title":"Efficacy of viable Bacillus pumilus isolated from farmed fish on immune responses and increased disease resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Laboratory and on-farm trials","volume":"67","author":"Srisapoome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00073-09","article-title":"Bacillus cereus, a Volatile Human Pathogen","volume":"23","author":"Bottone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19182","article-title":"Infection strategies of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"3","author":"Clements","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2174\/1874279301810010147","article-title":"Enterobacter hormaechei: New Neonatal Infection in Morocco","volume":"10","author":"Dyabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.020453-0","article-title":"V Recovery and screening for antibiotic susceptibility of potential bacterial pathogens from the oral cavity of shark species involved in attacks on humans in Recife, Brazil","volume":"59","author":"Interaminense","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03239-13","article-title":"Is Leclercia adecarboxylata a New and Unfamiliar Marine Pathogen?","volume":"52","author":"Keren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tam, V., and Nayak, S. (2012). Isolation of Leclercia adecarboxylata from a wound infection after exposure to hurricane-related floodwater. BMJ Case Rep., 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-007298"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-017-0670-3","article-title":"Enterococcus hirae biofilm formation on hospital material surfaces and effect of new biocides","volume":"22","author":"Cataldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"5","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of Klebsiella michiganensis 3T412C, harboring an arsenic resistance genomic island, isolated from mine tailings in Peru","volume":"5","author":"Cervantes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00231-18","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Lelliottia nimipressuralis type strain SGAir0187, isolated from tropical air collected in Singapore","volume":"6","author":"Heinle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.002854","article-title":"Lelliottia aquatilis sp. Nov., isolated from drinking water","volume":"68","author":"Glaeser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2018.03.003","article-title":"Characterization of Cd-resistant Klebsiella michiganensis MCC3089 and its potential for rice seedling growth promotion under Cd stress","volume":"210","author":"Mitra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer, M., de Maayer, P., Poulsen, M., Steenkamp, E.T., van Zyl, E., Coutinho, T.A., and Venter, S.N. (2016). Draft genome sequences of Pantoea agglomerans and Pantoea vagans isolates associated with termites. Stand. Genom. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-016-0144-z"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diversity of culture-independent bacteria and antimicrobial activity of culturable endophytic bacteria isolated from different Dendrobium stems","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12333","article-title":"Gene cloning and enzymatic characterization of alkali-tolerant type I pullulanase from Exiguobacterium acetylicum","volume":"60","author":"Qiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46866-0","article-title":"Molecular identification of Exiguobacterium acetylicum as the aetiological agent of bacteraemia","volume":"56","author":"Keynan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2019.100516","article-title":"First clinical case of KPC-3\u2014Producing Klebsiella michiganensis in Europe","volume":"29","author":"Seiffert","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekyere, J.O., and Amoako, D.G. (2017). Genomic and phenotypic characterisation of fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae in Durban, South Africa. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178888"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx415","article-title":"Identification and genomic characterization of a KPC-2-, NDM-1- and NDM-5-producing Klebsiella michiganensis isolate","volume":"73","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"483","article-title":"Infecci\u00f3n urinaria por Lelliottia amnigena (Enterobacter amnigenus): Un pat\u00f3geno infrecuente","volume":"30","author":"Leiva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Quimioter."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1242819","article-title":"Comparative Genomics Analysis of Plasmid pPV989-94 from a Clinical Isolate of Pantoea vagans PV989","volume":"2018","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Genom."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME11346","article-title":"Detection of vanA-containing Enterococcus species in faecal microbiota of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)","volume":"27","author":"Barros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2018.02.013","article-title":"de Shigatoxigenic and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in fish for human consumption","volume":"49","author":"Cardozo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3085","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3085","article-title":"Functional and health promoting inherent attributes of Enterococcus hirae F2 as a novel probiotic isolated from the digestive tract of the freshwater fish Catla catla","volume":"2017","author":"Adnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9353-z","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Probiotic Potential of Novel Pigmented Bacterial Strains for Aquaculture Applications","volume":"11","author":"Jinendiran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0686-7","article-title":"Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria isolated from hospital wastewaters, rivers and aquaculture sources in Nigeria","volume":"25","author":"Adelowo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201759070","article-title":"Drug resistance, AmpC-\u03b2-lactamase and ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from fish and shrimp","volume":"59","author":"Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-444","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Characteristics of Integrons in Escherichia coli Isolated from Penaeus vannamei at a Freshwater Shrimp Farm in Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"82","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME12049","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistance and Toxic Metal Tolerance of Medically Important Bacteria Isolated from an Aquaculture System","volume":"27","author":"Resende","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Codjoe, F., and Donkor, E. (2017). Carbapenem Resistance: A Review. Med. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci6010001"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00036-08","article-title":"AmpC Beta-Lactamases","volume":"22","author":"Jacoby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4943","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00296-11","article-title":"Carbapenems: Past, present, and future","volume":"55","author":"Endimiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2016.1176450","article-title":"Occurrence of chloramphenicol in cereal straw in north-western Europe","volume":"33","author":"Nordkvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.01.028","article-title":"Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas and Aeromonas isolates from catfish of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam","volume":"171","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Elkins, C., and Zgurskaya, H. (2016). Antimicrobial Drug Efflux Genes and Pumps in Bacteria of Animal and Environmental Origin. Efflux-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria, Adis.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39658-3"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiw052","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiw052","article-title":"Aquaculture changes the profile of antibiotic resistance and mobile genetic element associated genes in Baltic Sea sediments","volume":"92","author":"Muziasari","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01284","article-title":"Current status of the use of antibiotics and the antimicrobial resistance in the chilean salmon farms","volume":"9","author":"Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higuera-Llant\u00e9n, S., V\u00e1squez-Ponce, F., Barrientos-Espinoza, B., Mardones, F.O., Marshall, S.H., and Olivares-Pacheco, J. (2018). Extended antibiotic treatment in salmon farms select multiresistant gut bacteria with a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203641"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14075","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in mesophilic Aeromonas spp. from Czech carp fisheries","volume":"125","author":"Syrova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.05.014","article-title":"Quinolone-resistant phenotype of Flavobacterium columnare isolates harbouring point mutations both in gyrA and parC but not in gyrB or parE","volume":"15","author":"Mata","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13162","article-title":"Incidence of antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 integron gene cassettes in multidrug-resistant motile Aeromonas sp. isolated from ornamental guppy (Poecilia reticulata)","volume":"69","author":"Hossain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks250","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of beta-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from farmed fish in China","volume":"67","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.04.030","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Aeromonas spp. isolated from South African freshwater fish","volume":"231","author":"Chenia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00866-10","article-title":"qnrB19 Gene Bracketed by IS26 on a 40-Kilobase IncR Plasmid from an Escherichia coli Isolate from a Veal Calf","volume":"55","author":"Hordijk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.09.003","article-title":"Coproduction of KPC-2 and QnrB19 in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST340 isolate in Brazil","volume":"83","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.02.015","article-title":"Characterisation of qnr plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae from Italy: Association of the qnrB19 allele with the integron element ISCR1 in Escherichia coli","volume":"35","author":"Richter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transduction as a Potential Dissemination Mechanism of a Clonal qnrB19 -Carrying Plasmid Isolated From Salmonella of Multiple Serotypes and Isolation Sources","volume":"10","author":"Pezoa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000551","article-title":"High frequency of the combined presence of QRDR mutations and PMQR determinants in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates from nosocomial and community-acquired infections","volume":"66","author":"Royer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822012000400010","article-title":"Mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Minarini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07684.x","article-title":"Acquisition of VanB-type vancomycin resistance by Bacillus subtilis: The impact on gene expression, cell wall composition and morphology","volume":"81","author":"Bisicchia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1086\/605495","article-title":"Mupirocin Resistance","volume":"49","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). WHO Guidelines on Use of Medically Important Antimicrobials in Food-Producing Animals, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine, World Health Organization."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/9\/1343\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:06:00Z","timestamp":1760177160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/9\/1343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms8091343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8091343","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]}}}