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Characteristics of cases and vectors, especially Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, raise the hypothesis of a zoonosis with simians as reservoirs. The present review aims to report on investigations of the disease over a 23-year period. Two main sources have provided epidemiological data: the behavior of Anopheles vectors and the genetic and immunological aspects of Plasmodium spp. obtained from humans, Alouatta simians, and Anopheles spp. mosquitoes. Anopheles (K.) cruzii is the most captured species in the forest canopy and is the recognized vector. The similarity between P. vivax and Plasmodium simium and that between Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium brasilianum shared between simian and human hosts and the involvement of the same vector in the transmission to both hosts suggest interspecies transfer of the parasites. Finally, recent evidence points to the presence of Plasmodium falciparum in a silent cycle, detected only by molecular methods in asymptomatic individuals and An. (K.) cruzii. In the context of malaria elimination, it is paramount to assemble data about transmission in such non-endemic low-incidence areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T21:21:45Z","timestamp":1610313705000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Atlantic Forest Malaria: A Review of More than 20 Years of Epidemiological Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Julyana Cerqueira","family":"Buery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-105, Brazil"},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena Euridice Carvalho de","family":"de Alencar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-105, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria Ribeiro de Castro","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Superintend\u00eancia de Controle de Endemias do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01027-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Loss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional da Mata Atl\u00e2ntica, Santa Teresa 29650-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0182-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Creuza Rachel","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-105, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0281-2892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Mendes","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-105, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Blima","family":"Fux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-105, Brazil"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia Melo","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0497-6532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Arez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Crispim","family":"Cerutti Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-105, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). 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