{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T19:32:58Z","timestamp":1777318378613,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The already enormous burden caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) alone is aggravated by co-infection. Despite obvious differences in the rate of evolution comparing these two human pathogens, genetic diversity plays an important role in the success of both. The extreme evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 is in the basis of a robust capacity to evade immune responses, to generate drug-resistance and to diversify the population-level reservoir of M group viral subtypes. Compared to HIV-1 and other retroviruses, M. tuberculosis generates minute levels of genetic diversity within the host. However, emerging whole-genome sequencing data show that the M. tuberculosis complex contains at least nine human-adapted phylogenetic lineages. This level of genetic diversity results in differences in M. tuberculosis interactions with the host immune system, virulence and drug resistance propensity. In co-infected individuals, HIV-1 and M. tuberculosis are likely to co-colonize host cells. However, the evolutionary impact of the interaction between the host, the slowly evolving M. tuberculosis bacteria and the HIV-1 viral \u201cmutant cloud\u201d is poorly understood. These evolutionary dynamics, at the cellular niche of monocytes\/macrophages, are also discussed and proposed as a relevant future research topic in the context of single-cell sequencing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T11:36:11Z","timestamp":1610364971000},"page":"147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evolutionary Genetics of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and HIV-1: \u201cThe Tortoise and the Hare\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6410-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Santos-Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-T Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4996-1948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-T Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro M. M.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-T Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0949-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno S.","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-T Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2020). World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Report, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2018). 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