{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T01:19:42Z","timestamp":1774747182217,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Community ecology has experienced a major transition, from a focus on patterns in taxonomic composition, to revealing the processes underlying community assembly through the analysis of species functional traits. The power of the functional trait approach is its generality, predictive capacity such as with respect to environmental change, and, through linkage of response and effect traits, the synthesis of community assembly with ecosystem function and services. Lichens are a potentially rich source of information about how traits govern community structure and function, thereby creating opportunity to better integrate lichens into \u2018mainstream\u2019 ecological studies, while lichen ecology and conservation can also benefit from using the trait approach as an investigative tool. This paper brings together a range of author perspectives to review the use of traits in lichenology, particularly with respect to European ecosystems from the Mediterranean to the Arctic-Alpine. It emphasizes the types of traits that lichenologists have used in their studies, both response and effect, the bundling of traits towards the evolution of life-history strategies, and the critical importance of scale (both spatial and temporal) in functional trait ecology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T10:34:12Z","timestamp":1617705252000},"page":"766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Functional Traits in Lichen Ecology: A Review of Challenge and Opportunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5610-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Asplund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 5003 NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4296-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Benesperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia, Universit\u00e0 di Firenze, Via la Pira, 450121 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8294-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Branquinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5558-9401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Di Nuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia, Universit\u00e0 di Firenze, Via la Pira, 450121 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7859-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Biodiversidad y Conservaci\u00f3n, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Geolog\u00eda, F\u00edsica y Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda (Bot\u00e1nica), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, c\/Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Biodiversidad y Conservaci\u00f3n, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Geolog\u00eda, F\u00edsica y Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juri","family":"Nascimbene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5571-9619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Biodiversidad y Conservaci\u00f3n, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Geolog\u00eda, F\u00edsica y Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0904-1947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Arribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Biodiversidad y Conservaci\u00f3n, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Geolog\u00eda, F\u00edsica y Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8697-4572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Th\u00fcs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0087-7315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Giordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIFAR, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano, 4, I-16148 Genova, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2010.01819.x","article-title":"Beyond taxonomy: A review of macroinvertebrate trait-based community descriptors as tools for freshwater biomonitoring","volume":"47","author":"Menezes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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