{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T16:05:48Z","timestamp":1774886748781,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National funds through the FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["Base Funding - UIDB\/00511\/2020 of the Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Bio-technology and Energy - LEPABE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Base Funding - UIDB\/00511\/2020 of the Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Bio-technology and Energy - LEPABE"]}]},{"name":"INTERREG V Espanha Portugal (POCTEP)","award":["CVMAR+I - Industrial Innovation and Marine Biotechnology Valorization - (0302_CVMAR_I_1_P)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVMAR+I - Industrial Innovation and Marine Biotechnology Valorization - (0302_CVMAR_I_1_P)"]}]},{"name":"National funds through the FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["SurfSAFE (grant agreement No 952471)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SurfSAFE (grant agreement No 952471)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since biofilm formation by microfoulers significantly contributes to the fouling process, it is important to evaluate the performance of marine surfaces to prevent biofilm formation, as well as understand their interactions with microfoulers and how these affect biofilm development and structure. In this study, the long-term performance of five surface materials\u2014glass, perspex, polystyrene, epoxy-coated glass, and a silicone hydrogel coating\u2014in inhibiting biofilm formation by cyanobacteria was evaluated. For this purpose, cyanobacterial biofilms were developed under controlled hydrodynamic conditions typically found in marine environments, and the biofilm cell number, wet weight, chlorophyll a content, and biofilm thickness and structure were assessed after 49 days. In order to obtain more insight into the effect of surface properties on biofilm formation, they were characterized concerning their hydrophobicity and roughness. Results demonstrated that silicone hydrogel surfaces were effective in inhibiting cyanobacterial biofilm formation. In fact, biofilms formed on these surfaces showed a lower number of biofilm cells, chlorophyll a content, biofilm thickness, and percentage and size of biofilm empty spaces compared to remaining surfaces. Additionally, our results demonstrated that the surface properties, together with the features of the fouling microorganisms, have a considerable impact on marine biofouling potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T11:45:57Z","timestamp":1621511157000},"page":"1102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Unveiling the Antifouling Performance of Different Marine Surfaces and Their Effect on the Development and Structure of Cyanobacterial Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sara I.","family":"Faria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-9362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Teixeira-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Romeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ed de","family":"Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0714-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelmer","family":"Sjollema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5233-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe J.","family":"Mergulh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2020.100294","article-title":"Novel marine antifouling coatings inspired by corals","volume":"17","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. 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