{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:02:57Z","timestamp":1772611377201,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BIOREM \u2013 Bioremediation of hydrocarbon pollutants by autochthonous microorganisms in aquatic environment, supported by Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) through COMPETE2020 \u2013 Programa Operacional da Competitividade e Internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o (P","award":["PTDC\/BTA-GES\/32186\/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER- 032186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTA-GES\/32186\/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER- 032186"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES by national funds through FCT \u2013 Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020 and UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020 and UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowship attributed to Rafaela Perdig\u00e3o financed by FCT \u2013 Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2020.04689.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.04689.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aimed to develop a bioremediation product of lyophilized native bacteria to respond to marine oil spills. Three oil-degrading bacterial strains (two strains of Rhodococcus erythropolis and one Pseudomonas sp.), isolated from the NW Portuguese coast, were selected for lyophilization after biomass growth optimization (tested with alternative carbon sources). Results indicated that the bacterial strains remained viable after the lyophilization process, without losing their biodegradation potential. The biomass\/petroleum ratio was optimized, and the bioremediation efficiency of the lyophilized bacterial consortium was tested in microcosms with natural seawater and petroleum. An acceleration of the natural oil degradation process was observed, with an increased abundance of oil-degraders after 24 h, an emulsion of the oil\/water layer after 7 days, and an increased removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (47%) after 15 days. This study provides an insight into the formulation and optimization of lyophilized bacterial agents for application in autochthonous oil bioremediation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T21:57:49Z","timestamp":1635976669000},"page":"2285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Seawater: Prospects of Using Lyophilized Native Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rafaela","family":"Perdig\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6836-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. Marisa R.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 790, 4150-171 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4065-7651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana L.","family":"Carolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotrend S.A., Biocant Park, N\u00facleo 04 Lote 2, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8565-3101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno S.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotrend S.A., Biocant Park, N\u00facleo 04 Lote 2, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7181-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria F.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Mucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 790, 4150-171 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.03.017","article-title":"Bioremediation technologies for polluted seawater sampled after an oil-spill in Taranto Gulf (Italy): A comparison of biostimulation, bioaugmentation and use of a washing agent in microcosm studies","volume":"106","author":"Crisafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623311428474","article-title":"Ecological Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Implications for Immunotoxicity","volume":"40","author":"Barron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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