{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T20:24:04Z","timestamp":1762201444364,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NextGenerationEU programme under the Recovery and Resilience Facility Plan","award":["C644929456-00000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644929456-00000040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microplastics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plastic pollution is a major environmental concern. In humans, ingestion through contaminated seafood is a recognized exposure route to microplastics, which may impact gut health. However, the extent to which microplastics interfere with digestion and nutrient absorption remains unclear. To this end, the present work aimed to assess, for the first time, the influence of microplastic particles (polyethylene terephthalate, PET, and polylactic acid, PLA) on the digestibility of three selected seafood species (gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata; Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar; and hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria) using an in vitro human digestion model. Furthermore, this study evaluated the potential degradability of microplastics along the gastrointestinal tract and examined how particle type and exposure level (10 or 20 particles) may influence seafood digestibility. Protein digestibility in S. aurata and S. salar filets was ~86%, while in M. mercenaria it was ~73%, regardless of microplastic presence or quantity. PET and PLA integrity was affected differently by digestion, with PLA showing greater surface degradation. These findings provide preliminary insight into the mutual interactions between microplastics and the human digestive process, highlighting the importance for further research into how the leaching of plastics additives may or may not influence the bioaccessibility of essential nutrients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microplastics4040083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T19:30:27Z","timestamp":1762198227000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential Effects of the Human Digestive Process on Petroleum- and Bio-Based Microplastics Following an In Vitro Approach to Determine Polymer Integrity and Seafood Digestibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1182-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bolotas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0111-8295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita V. C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"Sovena Portugal Consumer Goods, S.A., Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Loureiro Borges 2, Edif\u00edcio Arquiparque 2, 1495-131 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Ambrosino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centro of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6066-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5610-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Raimundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3521-9566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica V.","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sovena Portugal Consumer Goods, S.A., Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Loureiro Borges 2, Edif\u00edcio Arquiparque 2, 1495-131 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica (DEQ), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alda S.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sovena Portugal Consumer Goods, S.A., Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Loureiro Borges 2, Edif\u00edcio Arquiparque 2, 1495-131 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Logoplaste, Innovation Lab (ILAB), Estrada da Malveira da Serra 900, 2750-834 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6745-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centro of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1048-8009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Repolho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET, Aquatic Research Network, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Maulvault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ritchie, H., Samborska, V., and Roser, M. 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