{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:31:29Z","timestamp":1774265489925,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Kivi area in the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran is one of the country\u2019s highest-potential regions for metal element exploration. The primary goal herein was to process the data obtained from geochemical, geostatistical, and remote sensing tools (in the form of stream sediment samples and satellite images) to identify metallic mineralization anomalies in the region. After correcting the raw stream sediment geochemical data, single-variable statistical processing was performed, and Ti and Zn were identified as the elements with the highest degree of contrast. The relationship among these elements was further investigated using correlation and hierarchical clustering analyses. Principal component analysis was then applied to determine the principal components related to these elements, which were subsequently plotted on a regional geological map. Elements related to Ti and Zn were identified using threshold limits of anomalous samples determined via linear discriminant analysis. Lithological units and alteration patterns were detected through remote sensing investigations on Landsat-8 images. Stream sediment geochemical and remote sensing survey results identified anomalous areas of Ti and Zn in the eastern part of the study region. Our results indicate that Ti and Zn are good pathfinder elements for further exploratory investigation in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min10100869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T09:41:01Z","timestamp":1601458861000},"page":"869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Geostatistical and Remote Sensing Studies to Identify High Metallogenic Potential Regions in the Kivi Area of Iran"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7756-3205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel","family":"Shirazy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining, Petroleum &amp; Geophysics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran"}]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Ziaii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining, Petroleum &amp; Geophysics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran"}]},{"given":"Ardeshir","family":"Hezarkhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mining Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 1591634311, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8113-3555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timofey","family":"Timkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences &amp; Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2015.06.015","article-title":"Geochemical exploration for concealed deposits at the periphery of the Zijinshan copper\u2013gold mine, southeastern China","volume":"157","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi, S.M., Sarkar, B.C., Gandhi, S.M., and Sarkar, B.C. (2016). Geochemical exploration. Essentials of Mineral Exploration and Evaluation, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805329-4.00013-2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2016.04.006","article-title":"Spatial analysis and visualization of exploration geochemical data","volume":"158","author":"Zuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012002","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/27\/1\/012002","article-title":"Petrogenetic characteristics of mafic-ultramafic massifs in Nizhne-Derbinsk complex (East Sayan Mountains)","volume":"27","author":"Cherkasova","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2016.12.024","article-title":"Recognition of an enhanced multi-element geochemical signature of porphyry copper deposits for vectoring into mineralized zones and delimiting exploration targets in Jiroft area, SE Iran","volume":"83","author":"Yousefi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2019.01.004","article-title":"Identification of geochemical anomalies of the porphyry\u2013Cu deposits using concentration gradient modelling: A case study, Jebal-Barez area, Iran","volume":"199","author":"Ziaii","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saadati, H., Afzal, P., Torshizian, H., and Solgi, A. (2020). Geochemical exploration for lithium in NE Iran using the geochemical mapping prospectivity index, staged factor analysis, and a fractal model. Geochem. Explor. Environ. Anal.","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2020-020"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"12010","article-title":"Estimating gold-ore mineralization potential within Topolninsk ore field (Gorny Altai)","volume":"27","author":"Timkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Series: Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4236\/ojg.2019.96021","article-title":"Geochemical and geostatistical studies for estimating gold grade in tarq prospect area by k-means clustering method","volume":"9","author":"Shirazy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open J. Geol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"62","article-title":"Introducing a software for innovative neuro-fuzzy clustering method named NFCMR","volume":"8","author":"Shirazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. J. Comput. Sci. Theory Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.4236\/ojg.2018.89049","article-title":"Copper oxide ore leaching ability and cementation behavior, mesgaran deposit in Iran","volume":"8","author":"Khakmardan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open J. Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2010.11.001","article-title":"A spatially weighted principal component analysis for multi-element geochemical data for mapping locations of felsic intrusions in the Gejiu mineral district of Yunnan, China","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2008.03.004","article-title":"Cluster analysis applied to regional geochemical data: Problems and possibilities","volume":"23","author":"Templ","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2017-050","article-title":"Compositional balance analysis for geochemical pattern recognition and anomaly mapping in the western Junggar region, China","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geochem. Explor. Environ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2013.03.005","article-title":"Objective based geochemical anomaly detection\u2014Application of discriminant function analysis in anomaly delineation in the Kuh Panj porphyry Cu mineralization (Iran)","volume":"130","author":"Roshani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2019-031","article-title":"State-of-the-art analysis of geochemical data for mineral exploration","volume":"20","author":"Grunsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geochem. Explor. Environ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2017-062","article-title":"Mapping of fluid, alteration and soil geochemical anomaly as a guide to regional mineral exploration for the Dehua gold orefield of Fujian Province, SE China","volume":"19","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geochem. Explor. Environ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hassanipak, A.A., and Sharafeddin, M. (2005). Exploration Data Analysis, Tehran University Press. (In Persian)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1969.10490657","article-title":"Procedures for detecting outlying observations in samples","volume":"11","author":"Grubbs","year":"1969","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Madala, G.S. (1992). Introduction to Econometrics, Maxmillan Publishing Company. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalisch, M., Michalak, M., Sikora, M., Wr\u00f3bel, \u0141., and Przystalka, P. (June, January 31). Influence of outliers introduction on predictive models quality. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference, BDAS 2016, Ustro\u0144, Poland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-34099-9_5"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"124","article-title":"Geostatistics studies and geochemical modeling based on core data, sheytoor iron deposit, Iran","volume":"6","author":"Shirazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geol. Resour. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hassani Pak, A. (1998). Geostatistics, University of Tehran. (In Persian)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Yousefi, M. (2016). General and Detailed Exploration of Iron Ore Anomalies of Iran\u2019s Central Plateau, 5a Anomlay (Sheytoor-Gazestan), Madankav Engineering Co."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatfield, C., Collins, A.J., and Chatfield, C. (2018). Introduction to Multivariate Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203749999"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertler, C.A., and Reinhart, R.V. (2016). Advanced and Multivariate Statistical Methods: Practical Application and Interpretation, Routledge. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315266978"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rollinson, H.R. (2014). Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation, Taylor and Francis.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315845548"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.4236\/ojg.2018.87041","article-title":"Geostatistical studies and anomalous elements detection, Bardaskan area, Iran","volume":"8","author":"Alahgholi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open J. Geol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rokach, L., and Maimon, O. (2005). Clustering methods. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25465-X_15"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuel, R., Brito, G., Chichorro, M., and Rosa, C. (2017). Remote sensing for mineral exploration in central Portugal. Minerals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/min7100184"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2016.06.020","article-title":"Remote sensing and GIS prospectivity mapping for magmatic-hydrothermal base- and precious-metal deposits in the Honghai district, China","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Afr. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"607","article-title":"Flood mapping through principal component analysis of multitemporal satellite imagery considering the alteration of water spectral properties due to turbidity conditions","volume":"8","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Soe, M., Kyaw, T.A., and Takashima, I. (2020, August 25). Application of Remote Sensing Techniques on Iron Oxide Detection from ASTER and Landsat Images of Tanintharyi Coastal Area, Myanmar. Available online: https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.598.998&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.019","article-title":"Discriminant analysis as a decision-making tool for geochemically fingerprinting sources of groundwater salinity","volume":"618","author":"Chien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.4236\/jmf.2017.73038","article-title":"Discriminant analysis of demand-side roadblocks to financial inclusion in Northern Ghana","volume":"7","author":"Yakubu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Math. Financ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478752","article-title":"Regularized discriminant analysis","volume":"84","author":"Friedman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1569","article-title":"Discriminant analysis","volume":"17","author":"Klecka","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inform. Proc. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"36","article-title":"Remote sensing to identify copper alterations and promising regions, Sarbishe, South Khorasan, Iran","volume":"4","author":"Shirazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geol. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2020.103332","article-title":"Recent advances in the use of public domain satellite imagery for mineral exploration: A review of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 applications","volume":"117","author":"Adiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210326","article-title":"The advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER): Data products for the high spatial resolution imager on NASA\u2019s Terra platform","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.026","article-title":"The next Landsat satellite: The Landsat data continuity mission","volume":"122","author":"Irons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.840720","article-title":"Landsat sensor performance: History and current status","volume":"42","author":"Markham","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70202208","article-title":"Landsat-8 operational land imager (OLI) radiometric performance on-orbit","volume":"7","author":"Morfitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtusci.2014.11.008","article-title":"Hydrothermal alteration mapping from Landsat-8 data, Sar Cheshmeh copper mining district, south-eastern Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"9","author":"Pour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2017.1334834","article-title":"Application of Landsat-8 and ASTER satellite remote sensing data for porphyry copper exploration: A case study from Shahr-e-Babak, Kerman, south of Iran","volume":"33","author":"Safari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s101090100071","article-title":"Considerations in collecting, processing, and analysing high spatial resolution hyperspectral data for environmental investigations","volume":"4","author":"Aspinall","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"45","article-title":"Remote sensing studies for mapping of iron oxide regions, South of Kerman, IRAN","volume":"7","author":"Shirazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Appl."}],"container-title":["Minerals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/10\/10\/869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:15:19Z","timestamp":1760177719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/10\/10\/869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["min10100869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min10100869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-163X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-163X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]}}}