{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:47:06Z","timestamp":1766137626516,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rare earth elements (REE), comprising 15 elements of the lanthanum series (La-Lu) together with yttrium (Y) and scandium (Sc), have become of particular interest because of their use, for example, in modern communications, renewable energy generation, and the electrification of transport. However, the security of supply of REE is considered to be at risk due to the limited number of sources, with dependence largely on one supplier that produced approximately 63% of all REE in 2019. As a result, there is a growing need to diversify supply. This has resulted in the drive to seek new resources elsewhere, and particularly on the deep-ocean floor. Here, we give a summary of REE distribution in minerals, versatile applications, and an update of their economic value. We present the most typical onshore methods for the determination of REE and examine methods for their offshore exploration in near real time. The motivation for this comes from recent studies over the past decade that showed \u03a3REE concentrations as high as 22,000 ppm in ocean-floor sediments in the Pacific Ocean. The ocean-floor sediments are evaluated in terms of their potential as resources of REE, while the likely economic cost and environmental impacts of deep-sea mining these are also considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min11020142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T06:22:20Z","timestamp":1611987740000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Ocean-Floor Sediments as a Resource of Rare Earth Elements: An Overview of Recently Studied Sites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7092-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Milinovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE-LAQV, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco J. L.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Philosophy and Politics, Beira Interior University, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando J. A. S.","family":"Barriga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDL-Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif\u00edcio C1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bramley J.","family":"Murton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurst, C. (2010). 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